Weathering, Erosion, Deposition, and Landscape Development
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1 Weathering, Erosion, Deposition, and Landscape Development I. Weathering - the breakdown of rocks into smaller particles, also called sediments, by natural processes. Weathering is further divided into two main categories, physical weathering and chemical weathering. A. Physical Weathering - the physical process of breaking down rock into smaller particles without any chemical changes occurring. 1. Freezing and thawing (frost action) - the expansion of water when it freezes, and its contraction when it melts. 2. Abrasion - the rubbing together of rock particles can physically weather them, especially in water (streams and ocean waves). 3. Exfoliation - the peeling or scaling off of rock by the action of water penetrating the rock and causing it to expand and scale off. 4 Organisms - plants (root action), lichen (algae-fungus), and animals (insects and rodents) can break apart rock into fragments. 5. Pressure unloading - rock that is formed deep in the crust under extreme pressure, when exposed at the surface will expand and crack. 6. Heating and cooling - the expansion by heating and cooling can break apart rock.
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5 B. Chemical Weathering -The break down of rocks into smaller particles or sediments by chemical change. Three compounds are primarily responsible for chemical weathering, oxygen, carbon dioxide, and water. 1. Oxidation - is the result of the combining oxygen with other substances, especially iron. The formation of iron oxide (rust) can break down rocks. 2. Hydration - the combining of water with some minerals which breakdown is called hydrolysis. Rock forming minerals like feldspar, horneblende and biotite will swell and crumble when hydrated. Some minerals like halite and gypsum can be dissolved by water. 3 Acid Precipitation - Acid forming compounds in the atmosphere can weather rocks (limestone). The Carbonic acid is a weak acid that can chemically break down rock. Nitrogen dioxide produced from cars and trucks forms nitric acid, and sulfur oxides produced from burning coal forms sulfuric acid.
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8 Lake Acidification in the Adirondacks 1,469 lakes with ph 5.6 or less.
9 C. Factors that Affect Weathering 1. Climate - the single most important factor for determining the rate of weathering is climate. Heat and cold, or dry and moist conditions all affect weathering rates. Generally warmer, humid climates weather at the highest rate.
10 2. Particle Size - the size of the rock particles greatly effects weathering. Generally the smaller the rock particle the faster the weathering process. 3. Exposure - the more of the rock exposed to weathering agents, the faster the weathering rate. 4. Mineral Composition - Mineral composition of the rocks greatly determines the rate of weathering. Some minerals are more resistant to weathering than others. 5. Time - weathering takes an extremely long time. Some of the world s oldest rocks (3.5 billion years old) are still being weathered.
11 D. Products of Weathering - The exposure of the earth s crust to the forces of physical and chemical weathering for long periods of time have produced to main products of weathering. 1. Sediments - Particles or fragments of rock produced by weathering. Sediments are classified by their size ranging from large to small (boulders, cobbles, pebbles, sand, silt, clay).
12 2. Soil - a mixture of sediments, organic material, water, and air. a. Soil Horizons - soils are often classified by their unique horizons. b. The common soil horizons include the O, A, B, C, and D horizons. characteristics. b. Soil Classification - Soils are classified by their unique
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16 II. Erosion - The process of transporting sediments from their place of origin, and depositing them elsewhere. Gravity is the main force that drives erosion. A. Agents of Erosion - transporting materials together with the force of gravity move sediments. 1. Mass Wasting - is the downhill movement of sediments under the influence of gravity. Slow mass wasting is called creep, which moves sediments down slopes gradually. 2. Water Erosion - water is the dominant agent of erosion on earth. Sediments can be transported in suspension, by rolling and bouncing, and in solution. a. Raindrop and runoff - b. Stream Erosion - 3. Ocean Erosion - wave action and currents can cause large scale erosion
17 along the coast. 4. Wind Erosion - sediment particles transported by wind can travel thousands of miles. This usually occurs in dry climates where sediments are not exposed to significant water erosion. 5. Glacial Erosion - extremely large masses of ice moving across the landscape are called glaciers. Rapid Mass Wasting Slow Mass Wasting
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20 Erosion Wind Erosion Coastal
21 Glacial Erosion
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23 III. Deposition - is the process by which sediments are released, settled from, or dropped from an erosional system. Deposition is also called sedimentation. A. Factors Affecting Deposition - deposition usually occurs when the velocity of the transporting agent (wind or water) decreases. This causes particles to settle. rate. 1. Size - generally the larger the sediment size, the faster the settling 2. Shape - generally the more spherical the sediment shape, the faster the settling time. settle. 3. Density - generally the denser the sediment particle, the faster it will B. Graded Bedding Horizontal layers of sediment deposits with the larger sediments at the bottom and smaller at the top. C. Horizontal Sorting Vertical deposits of sediments with larger sediments closest to the shore, and the lighter and smaller particles settling out farther from shore. D. Unsorted Glacial Deposits - sediments of varied sizes trapped in glaciers are deposited randomly as a result of melting ice. Horizontal Sorting
24 Unsorted Glacial Deposit Sorted Alluvial Deposit IV. Erosional Depositional Systems - erosion and deposition can be modeled to show how these two forces interact. A. Stream Erosion - the flow of water in a stream is moved by the power of gravity, and the slope of the land. As water flows downstream, it dissipates its energy in an erosional depositional system called meandering. Meandering is the S shaped pattern of a flowing body of water. 1. Point Bars - The inside curve of a meander is an area where the velocity of the water is slowed by friction, which causes
25 sediments to settle out and form characteristic shallow regions called point bars. 2. Deep Pools - the outside curves of a meander marks areas of higher water velocity which erodes the bank forming a deep pool. 3. Riffles - Downstream of the deep pool, a relatively straight, shallow region of the stream forms from the deposition of material eroded from upstream. This is called the riffle. 4. Deltas - the area where the stream velocity begins to drop off in the ocean or a large lake forms a delta. Deltas are the deposits of sediments that are transported by a stream.
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27 B. Stages of River Development (Life Cycle of Rivers) - all flowing
28 bodies of water go through a series of stages as a result of erosion. Upper (Youth) - youthful streams usually have a steep slope and flow rapidly, which results in steep canyon walls and water falls. Middle (Mature) - mature streams slow their velocity, and accumulating sediments build up to form wide valleys, flood plains, and meanders. Lower (Old Age) - Eventually the slope of the stream is very slight, a wide slow moving body of water with large meanders. Some of these large meanders can close up to form an oxbow lake.
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31 Hudson River
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33 Hudson Canyon V. Landscape Development - Landscapes are the features of the earth s surface that form at the interface between the lithosphere, hydrosphere, and atmosphere. A. Landscape Types (Geologic Provinces) - on the basis of elevation, rock structure, and gradient there exist three distinct types of landscapes. 1. Mountains - areas of high elevation, steep slope. 2. Plateau - areas of medium elevation with a gradual slope. 3. Plain - low elevation areas with level surface with virtually no slope.
34 B. Landscape Regions - identifiable regions on the earth that have similar slope, rock structure, elevation, soils, and stream drainage patterns. 1. Major landscape regions of the United States include the Atlantic Coastal Plain, Appalachian Uplands, Interior Lowlands, Interior Highlands, Rocky Mountain System, Intermontane Plateaus, and the Pacific Mountain System.
35 2. Major Landscape regions of New York State - see reference tables Adirondacks Catskills
36 The Catskills and the Allegheny Plateau
37 C. Factors That Effect Landscape Regions - The process of landscape development is dependent on many different factors that help shape the land. 1. Uplift 2. Leveling 3. Time 4. Climate 5. Bedrock
38 D. Stream Drainage Patterns - the type of rock formations that compose a landscape determine the type of stream drainage patterns that develop, these include, dendritic, trellis, radial, and parallel. E. Watershed (Drainage Basin) the total land area drained by a river system.
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