Geography Models. Preparing for the AP Human Geography Exam

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1 Geography Models Preparing for the AP Human Geography Exam

2 15 minute break

3 mbers/exam/exam_information/2004.html

4 Have to score above the mean (middle)

6 Readers are looking for you to follow the verbs explain, discuss, compare/contrast DO IT! discuss, define, identify = 1 point explain = 2 points don t assume readers know what you re talking about

7 Yeses and Nos Yes think geographically No opening or closing paragraphs No big vocab Yes rephrase the question No bullet forms Yes give more, even bad info you may stumble into points No don t give wrong info

8 Chose the BEST answer (sound familiar?) Choose the easiest questions to answer first (confidence) Can use current events as examples Lined paper is the only thing scored transfer stuff from maps Don t like what you wrote? Mark it out! ex. Mr. Niblock sucks and I hate him and his stupid, goofy positivity about stupid useless things.

9 If the questions ask for 3, then the first 3 will be scored. Anything extra is wasted!

10 Maps and crap Place is not fully necessary (how much map-labelling did we do this semester?) Countries with superlatives are important richest, poorest, HIV, war-torn, water rights, pollution, birth/death rates, literacy rates, blah

11 Where to go tomorrow?? Room next to Mrs. Rue s 8am

12 Models, Models, Models Let s review them all!

13 What do we always say about models? This is a model Is this what most men & women look like? It s the same way with models in geography Geography models are simply theoretical representations of

The classic model again Land rent or cost = Bid Rent Labor costs Transport costs (distance to market) Production costs The market is a central Isolated State The Isolated State is surrounded by

14 The classic model again Land rent or cost = Bid Rent Labor costs Transport costs (distance to market) Production costs The market is a central Isolated State The Isolated State is surrounded by forest The terrain is homogeneous, flat, isotropic plane; has no rivers or mountains. Bo transport barriers for farmers to bring goods to market Soils/climate are even and consistent Farmers behave rationally to maximize profits

Location Theory Distance Decay and Friction of Distance Predicting where something should be located This can be on the local, regional, national or global scale von Thünen looked at

15 Location Theory Distance Decay and Friction of Distance Predicting where something should be located This can be on the local, regional, national or global scale von Thünen looked at locations of primary industries, but secondary industries locations are more complicated Secondary industry locations include human behaviors and decision making political, cultural, economic factors

16 Weber s Least Cost Theory 3 primary factors of location (to minimize costs) Transportation the lowest possible costs in moving raw materials to the factory and the finished product to market Labor this reduces profits, therefore owners may want to move farther from raw materials and markets Agglomeration like industries clustering in the same area(s) can reduce costs. Existing infrastructure (transport, phones, water, buildings, etc.) Deglomeration what happens when too much agglomeration takes place? Other Factors political stability, cheap energy, local receptiveness (locating a prison), taxation (exemptions), free land, climate (LA and film industry), local mores (brewery, sex shops, etc.), owner s local connections to area

17 Concept of Locational Interdependence Suppose there is a beach a mile long There are two ice cream vendors Where would they locate on the beach to maximize their sales? Hotelling s Model

18 Hotelling Model on the landscape

Lösch's Model http://teacherweb.ftl.pinecrest.edu/snyderd/mwh/ap/definitions/apdefinitions7&8.htm http://geography.about.

htm Zone of Profitability - firms will identify a zone of profitability (not just a point) where income will outpace costs Z of P is the area where local demand

19 Lösch's Model Zone of Profitability - firms will identify a zone of profitability (not just a point) where income will outpace costs Z of P is the area where local demand for a service creates higher revenue than local costs of doing business Lösch looks more narrowly and separately at threshold, range and hexagonal hinterlands Lösch believed Central Place Theory was too rigid and thought that Christaller's model led to patterns where the distribution of goods and the accumulation of profits

20 Transport Modes (or media) Get your handouts Which mode of transport is each letter? Advantages and Disadvantages of Truck What is best transported by truck Advantages and Disadvantages of Train What is best transported by train? Advantages and Disadvantages of Ship What is best transported by ship? Advantages and disadvantages of air? What is best transported by air?

Rostow s Modernization Model Sometimes called the Ladder of Development Liberalist Model What did the world look like when Rostow wrote this in 1960?

21 Rostow s Modernization Model Sometimes called the Ladder of Development Liberalist Model What did the world look like when Rostow wrote this in 1960? For hint see map pages What else does this model remind us of: 1. Organic Theory 2. 5 Economic Sectors 3. Demographic Transition Eurocentric and Americentric Doesn t account for regional differences within a country Doesn t account for cultural differences within a country Doesn t account for one-commodity economies Neo-colonialism

22 Dependency Theory pp Structuralist Model Political and economic relationships between countries and regions control and limit development possibilities Example colonialism created Dependent relationships between mother country and the occupied country These relationships sustain prosperity of the core country and poverty of the periphery country Gives rise to NEOCOLONIALISM in the 1970s, 80s and on to the present

23 World Systems Theory pp Structuralist Model Immanuel Wallerstein See handout Does NOT assume all countries will change the same way I call this the Life sucks and then you die theory The good news is that each sector is not necessarily static can move from one sector to another 3 sectors that we have discussed before These are relationships between countries all three types need each other CORE SEMIPERIPHERY PERIPHERY But, who always wins?

24 Core-Periphery Model

25 Geopolitics pp Relationship between geography, power, politics and international relations German School explain why states are powerful and how to become powerful British/American School strategic advice to explain why states act like they do Post WWII

26 Organic Theory p. 245 Ratzel ( ) State is like a biological organism Birth, maturity, decline and death Needs nourishment. What do you think the state s nourishment is? Territory is the life-giving force without it, the state will atrophy

27 Heartland Theory p. 246 Mackinder Heartland Theory, 1904 World Island control this and one can control the world Rise of the USSR

28 Spykman, 1942 Rimland Theory Countered Mackinder s Heartland Power is gained by controlling the rim of the World Island Basis for Containment

29 Mackinder s Heartland Theory and Spykman s Rimland Theory

30 Heartland Theory: Mackinder s Heartland Theory and Spykman s Rimland Theory Mackinder believed that a land-based power, not a sea-based power, would ultimately rule the world. He believed that Eurasia was the most important area in the world containing a pivot area extending from Eastern Europe to eastern Siberia. The pivot area became known as the Heartland. Rimland Theory Who rules East Europe rules the Heartland. Who rules the Heartland rules the World Island. Who rules the World Island rules the World. Spykman believed the Eurasia rim, not its heart, held the key to global power. He parodied Mackinder: Who controls the Rimland rules Eurasia Who rules Eurasia controls the destinies of the world. Spykman saw a divided rimland as a key to the world s balance of power. Today the rimland includes Western Europe and China

Christaller looked at the arrangement of

31 Christaller looked at the arrangement of urban place and functions. He started trying to model what he saw. Ok, pour out your crackers onto your paper towel and start hypothesizing as Christaller did.

32 Arrangement and Spacing of Urban Places Circular shapes resulted in unserved or overlapped areas Hexagons had no gaps or overlaps This suggests an inverse relationship of higher order and lower order settlements (towns and cities)

33 Definitions we need to know Hamlet, Village, Town, City, Metropolis, Megalopolis What s difference between each one? Answer - Urban Functions Low order goods High order goods Population Threshold - # of people Market threshold amount of $ in the place/area Range or Range of Sale Functional hierarchies this determines big, small or medium Complementary Region - exclusive hinterland within which the town has a monopoly on the sale of a certain good(s) Rank-Size Rule Basic Sector Non-basic Sector Multiplier Effect Agglomeration and Deglomeration hold for last unit

34 Demographic Transition Model page 54

Demographic Transition http://envirosci.

35 Demographic Transition

36 Now, let s apply the model Stage Questions for the DTM Descriptor Billy loses his job as a grave digger Parents start to think more about family planning Children are warmer in bed at night because they have more brothers and sisters There are more Golden Anniversaries Large percentage of women never have a child A mother sobs over the grave of her last six children who died in a typhoid epidemic A lot more houses are being built The Public Health Inspector smiles as the building of sewers are completed Fewer children share a bedroom Grandparents are very rare There are no brothers/sisters, no aunts/uncles, no cousins

37 Comparing Malthus and Boserup (and NeoMalthusians)

38 Features of an age-sex diagram or population pyramid Population is divided into 5 year age groups or cohorts Population is divided into males (left) and females (right) The percentage of each age/sex group is given Let s look some up on our smart devices and computers

39 Rapid, Slow and Zero Growth High fertility and mortality = broad base Low fertility and mortality = narrow base

Borchert s Epochs of Urban Transportation Development http://en.wikipedia.

41 Borchert s Epochs of Urban Transportation Development Sail-Wagon Epoch ( ), low and slow tech Iron Horse Epoch ( ), characterized by impact of steam engine technology, and development of steamboats and regional railroad networks Steel Rail Epoch ( ), dominated by the development of long haul railroads and a national railroad network Auto-Air-Amenity Epoch ( ), with growth in the gasoline combustion engine Satellite-Electronic-Jet Propulsion (1970?). Also called the High-Technology Epoch

42 Borchert U.S. Urban Growth Stages

43 Borchert, Galactic City and Urban Growth

44 Characteristics of Concentric Zone en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ernest_burgess Burgess studied 1920s Chicago to make this model 5 concentric zones Burgess suggested that immigrants lived in inner zones which caused affluent residents to move farther out Invasion and Succession Concentric Zone s weakness is that it does not allow for change in the city Concentric Zone does not allow for physical geographic barriers

Hoyt Sector Model Late 1930s Answered the drawbacks of Burgess Model Hoyt said growth created pieshaped urban structure Hoyt said his pie-shaped zones could reach from the Core (CBD) to the edge of

45 Hoyt Sector Model Late 1930s Answered the drawbacks of Burgess Model Hoyt said growth created pieshaped urban structure Hoyt said his pie-shaped zones could reach from the Core (CBD) to the edge of the city (e.g. low rent sector 3 from CBD to outskirt of city) Sector Model says that the CBD is not as important as Burgess indicated Sectors were developed along transport routes (e.g. highways, RRs, etc.)

46 Multiple Nuclei 1940s Harris & Ullman hypothesized the CBD was further losing its dominance CBD no longer the nucleus of the modern city, thus emergence of nuclei Reflects decentralization and then re-nucleation of urban functions Nuclei are disconnected and do not necessarily rely on each other

47 Urban Realms Model Vance and Hartshorne 1980s Modeled after cities like Atlanta and Los Angeles Further metamorphosis of multiple nuclei

48 Galactic City Model and Edge Cities

50 New Urbanism Looks to re-capture the ideal of community Multi-use zoning to maximize efficient living Less use of fossil fuels for transit = less carbon emissions Mixed social classes Reduce commute times, shopping time (who in here travels the farthest to school each day?) Creates an atmosphere where the group is connected and larger society is considered

51 New Urbanism According to Dan Burden Rejects that we build cities and neighborhoods for cars Build cities for the use of people If transportation is built, it must add value to everything around it Low-speed streets Many younger folks are choosing a place first then a job. To hold onto jobs today, we must build place Places must be walkable and bikeable with low car dependency for users Places must be mixed use with people living downtown. People who live there have a stake in what happens there.

52 ls.net/presentation/d/19gw35hykk_7tlfiw 9xAFz7PJ48s47x1PJJhsfNH2OmQ/embe d?hl=en&size=s#slide=id.p33

53 World City Models Latin American City Model

54 World City Models Southeast Asian City Model

55 World City Models African City Model

56 QUESTIONS?

57 The Demographic Transition

58 The Demographic Transition Stage One: CBR- very high CDR- very high NIR- low Population Growth: Low Movement from Stage One to Stage Two: MDC- Industrial Revolution Stage Two: LDC- Medical Revolution CBR- very high CDR- plummets NIR- high Population Growth: High Movement from Stage Two to Stage Three: Changes in Social customs and improved technology

59 Demographic Transition Stage Three: CBR: Drops quickly CDR: Falling put slower than before NIR: slows Population Growth: Moderate Movement from Stage Three to Stage Four: greater gender equity, more women working and improved birth control Stage Four: CBR: low CDR: low

60 Demographic Transition Examples of Countries and Regions of each stage of demographic transition: Stage One: Stage Two: Stage Three: Stage Four: None Sub-saharan Africa Nigeria, Sierra Leon, Cape Verde East Asia, Latin America, Middle East China, Brazil, Mexico, Saudi Arabia, Chile Western Europe United Kingdon, Demnark

61 Malthus Principal of Population as it affects the future

62 Malthus Principal of Population as What Malthus said: it affects the future population grows geometrically while food production grows arithmetically according to Malthus, these growth rates would produce the following relationships between food and people in the future: Today 25 years from now 50 years from now 1 person, 1 unit of food 2 persons, 2 units of food 4 persons, 3 units of food 75 years from now 8 persons, 4 units of food these predictions were made just after England became the first country to enter stage 100 years 2 of Demographic from now Transition 16 persons, 5 units of food

Von Thunen s Land Use Model 1826- The Isolated State by Johann von Thunen According to the model, a commercial farmer initially considers which crops to cultivate and which animals to raise based on

63 Von Thunen s Land Use Model The Isolated State by Johann von Thunen According to the model, a commercial farmer initially considers which crops to cultivate and which animals to raise based on market location. Farmer takes into account two costs: cost of land v. cost of transportation The goods that are expensive to ship or are perishable will be closer to the central city while the goods that need

64 Central Place Theory Definition: A theory of Walter Christaller that seeks to explain the relative size and spacing of towns and cities as a function of people s shopping behavior. It explains how and where central places in the urban hierarchy should be functionally and spatially distributed. The smallest settlements in an urban system will provide only those goods and services that meet everyday needs (bakery and diary products, and groceries) and that these small settlements will be situated relatively close to one another because consumers, assumed to be spread throughout the countryside, will not be prepared to travel far for such items. On the other hand, people will be willing to travel farther for more expensive, less frequently purchased items usually found in the larger settlements.

65 Periphery- Countries that have low levels of economic productivity, low per Wallerstein s World Systems Theory Definition: Theory developed by Immanuel Wallerstein that explains the emergence of a core, periphery and semi-periphery in terms of economic and political connections first established at the beginning of exploration in the late 15 th century and maintained through increased economic access up until the present. Core- Countries with strong economies with large economic productivity, high per capita GDP. Seen as the MDCs of the world Semi-periphery- The newly industrialized countries with median standards of living, such as Chile, Brazil, India, China and Indonesia. They offer their citizens relatively diverse economic opportunities but also have extreme gaps between rich and poor.

Concentric Zone Model Definition: A city grows outward from a central city in a series of concentric rings. The rings denote different classes of people.

66 Concentric Zone Model Definition: A city grows outward from a central city in a series of concentric rings. The rings denote different classes of people. 1 st is the CBD 2 nd is the zone of transition containing industry and poorer houses 3 rd is the working-class zone containing modest homes with working class families 4 th is the middle class with newer spacious homes 5 th is the commuter zone

67 Sector Model Definition: The city develops in a series of sectors, not rings. As a city grows, activities expand outward in a wedge from the center. Many areas are more attractive for various activities. Social classes are found in sectors of a city, not in the rings from the inside out.

68 Multiple Nuclei Model Definition: A city is a complex structure that includes more than one center around which activities revolve. Examples of these nodes are a port, neighborhood business center, university, airport and park. Some activities are attracted to particular nodes, whereas others try to avoid them like things near universities and

69 Weber s Least Cost Theory Definition: Model developed according to the location of manufacturing establishments is determined by the minimization of three critical expenses: 1. labor 2. transportation 3. agglomeration (a process involving the clustering or concentrating of people or activities. Often refers to businesses that benefit from proximity because they share skilled-labor pools and technological and financial amenities.) Labor Hotelling-ish??

Density. These are the four ways to identify a location

Density. These are the four ways to identify a location Density The number of objects per unit of land area Unit 1 100 Toponym, Site, Situation, Absolute Location These are the four ways to identify a location Unit 1 200 1 Relocation and Expansion Diffusion