How to use this book. The purpose and structure of the book.

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Imogene Charlotte Shelton
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1 How to use this book The purpose and structure of the book. This book is structured to mirror the mapmaking process itself it s non-linear! Rarely would you make a map in an order that goes from projections, then symbols, then colour, then typography, and then layout with one practical component applied after the other. Making a map is a process that requires you to think simultaneously about the interplay of the concepts and decisions that underpin your map. Yet most books on cartography are written linearly. Being able to dive into the book to learn a little about a specific aspect is, I feel, more relevant and useful than trying to create an artificial grouping of topics. Sure, some topics are more related than others but I hope this fresh approach to the subject gives you a way of accessing what you need to know, rapidly. The book is organised alphabetically, and individual cartographic topics are given their own double-page spreads. On the left side of each spread you see the title at the top, followed by a short summary line that succinctly describes the scope of the spread. The remainder of the left side of the spread is, in the main, devoted to words. The left, wider column of writing presents the core essence of the topic in about 300 words or less. That was the task in writing to subdivide cartography into topics of around the same size. Each paragraph leads with an opening phrase, set in bold. The main writing is supported by a narrower column to the right. This column of text is presented in a smaller point size. This styling is deliberate. Maps contain visual structure to enable you ro read them. I wanted to visually structure the words to support the idea that the right column contains detail that is supportive but not core. You ll find interesting historical facts, detail about key people, or simply a little more detail to illuminate what you ve read in the left column. Every topic has one spread. No more, no less. But you can find connected topics using the see also links below topics. These links alert you to the spreads that are most closely related. See also: Anatomy of a map Cartographic process Defining map design Defining maps and cartography Globes Graphicacy Types of maps Colour is used throughout the book to group related concepts. The title of each spread is presented in the colour that, conceptually, it belongs to. These colours are intended to provide a subtle (as in not visually overbearing) way to make connections between topics and also provide a way to navigate the book. The colour theme is carried through to a small stroke on the left edge of the page. This use of colour provides a way to perhaps peruse the book and immediately see topics that are related. You ll also see colour used for the see also links at the foot of the page. So, for example, this page is coloured as if it belonged to the Foundations category with relevant links to related topics. Given the book is alphabetically structured I wanted to ensure there were clear breaks between each letter. To achieve this, I invited colleagues to contribute a short description about a classic map. Each of the 25 maps has its own spread with the short description to the left. These words add different voices to the book and provide a way to enjoy other ideas and views. I might have selected different maps but that s the point this isn t a list of my top 25 maps. It s a collated set from the wider community that act as examples from which to explore and learn. The righthand page of each spread is reserved for illustrations. I ve deliberately avoided a consistent stylistic treatment so each page is different. There are original diagrams and maps made by myself, Wes, and John. There s also external content interspersed. Some classic and familiar examples. Some new and unseen. I ve tried to make each spread unique and offer a visually enticing look at the subject through different visual lenses. This is a book I hope is as visually interesting as much as it is useful. Opposite (left): book category information. Opposite (right): some of what cartography is about and what a cartographer does. FieldCarto_Handoff.indb 12

2 Foundations The background stuff. Fundamentals. Visual grammar Using graphics to encode meaning. Graphical design Crafting and arranging marks on a map. Maths for mapmakers The mathematical frameworks of a map. Working with data Understanding data and preparing it for mapping. Colour The meaning and use of colour. Typography The design and placement of lettering. Map types Explanation of different categories of map. Mapping features Constructing maps for physical and human features. Mapping themes Constructing maps for thematic data. Composition Layout and organisation of maps for page and screen. Exemplar maps Classic map examples with short descriptions. Media compositor Content research Practitioning Wireframing Academic development Data analyst Methods research Publishing Databases Interpreter User experience testing Illustration Translation Requirements writing Digital Photogrammetry Qualified Interaction design Information architecture Developing Listening Writing Interface design Typography Creative artist Making Thought leader Presenting graphically Dissemination Quality Assurance Graphicacy Usability study design Geekdom Taxonomy creation Data modelling Wordology Expertise development Field research Managing Data processing Graphic design Sharing Surveying Map lover GIS Critique UX Scientfic objectivity Storytelling Book (atlas) design Editorial control Product design Presenting aurally Thinking Coding Map layout design Geodesy Professionallism Blogging Historical appreciation Collaboration Project coordination Infographic design Statistician Communication Map collection Teaching Analysis Prototyping Mathematics Web design Data collection Artifact compilation Authoring Visual design Understanding Cognitive science Specifications development Evangelist UI Design Colour theory Storyboarding How to use this book xiii FieldCarto_Handoff.indb 13

3 Topics (alphabetical) Abstraction and signage 2 Additive and subtractive colour 4 Advertising maps 6 Aggregation 8 Aligning coordinate systems 10 All the colours 12 Anatomy of a map 14 Animation 16 Arbitrary data classification 18 Areas 20 Aspect of a map projection 22 Aspect views 24 Assessing distortion in map projections 26 Atlases 28 Balance 32 Basemaps 34 Binning 36 Branding 38 Cartograms 42 Cartographic process 44 Chernoff faces 46 Choosing type 48 Choropleth maps 50 Clutter 52 Cognitive biases 54 Colour charts 56 Colour cubes 58 Colour deficiency 60 Colour in cartography 62 Colouring in 64 Colour schemes 66 Combining visual variables 68 Consistent denotation 70 Constraints on map colours 72 Continuous surface maps 74 Contours 76 Contrast 78 Copyright 80 Craft 82 Crispness 84 Critique 86 Curvature of terrain 88 Dasymetric maps 92 Data (c)art(e) 94 Data accuracy and precision 96 Data arrangement 98 Data classification 100 Data density 102 Data distribution 104 Data processing 106 Datums 108 Defining map design 110 Defining maps and cartography 112 Descriptive maps 114 Design and response 116 Different strokes 118 Digital data 120 Digital elevation models 122 Dimensional perception 124 Dispersal vs. layering 126 Distortions in map projections 128 Dot density maps 130 Dynamic visual variables 132 Dysfunctional cartography 134 Earth coordinate geometry 138 Earth s framework 140 Earth s shape 142 Earth s vital measurements 144 Elegance 146 Elements of colour 148 Elements of type 150 Emotional response 152 Error and bias 154 Ethics 156 Eyeball data classification 158 Families of map projection 162 Fantasy maps 164 Flourish 166 Flow maps 168 Focussing attention 170 Fonts and type families 172 Foreground and background 174 Form and function 176 Frequency distributions and histograms 178 Functional cartography 180 Generalisation 184 Geological maps 186 Globes 188 Graduated symbol maps 190 Graphic and dynamic labelling 192 Graphicacy 194 Graphs 196 Graticules, grids, and neatlines 198 Greyscale 200 Guidelines for lettering 202 Hachures 206 Hand-drawn maps 208 Hand-drawn shaded relief 210 Heat maps 212 Height 214 Hierarchies 216 How maps are made 218 HSV colour model 220 Hue 222 Hypsometric tinting 224 Illuminated contours 228 Imagery as background 230 Information overload 232 Information products 234 Informing 236 Inquiry and insight 238 Integrity 240 Interaction 242 Isarithmic maps 244 Isochrone maps 246 Isometric views 248 Isotype 250 Jokes and satire 254 Knowledge and conviction 258 Latitude 262 Layouts and grids 264 Legends 266 Lettering 268 Lettering in 3D 270 Levels of measurement 272 Lines 274 Literal comparisons 276 Location 278 Longitude 280 FieldCarto_Handoff.indb 14

4 Making numbers meaningful 284 Map aesthetics 286 Map cube 288 Map projections 290 Map projections: Decisions, decisions! 292 Map transformation process 294 Map traps 296 Maps for and by children 298 Maps kill 300 Mashups 302 Measuring direction 304 Mental maps 306 Mixing colours 308 Mobile mapping 310 Multivariate maps 312 Navigating a map 316 Nominal data 318 Old is new again 322 OpenStreetMap 324 Ordinal data 326 Orientation 328 Page vs. screen 332 Panoramic maps 334 Pattern fills 336 Perceptual colour spaces 338 Pictograms 340 Pie and coxcomb charts 342 Placing type 344 Placing type for areas 346 Placing type for lines 348 Placing type for points 350 Planetary cartography 352 Point clouds 354 Pointillism 356 Points 358 Position 360 Printing fundamentals 362 Prior (c)art(e) 364 Prism maps 366 Profiles and cross-sections 368 Properties of a map projection 370 Proportional symbol maps 372 Proximity in design 374 Pseudo-natural maps 376 Purpose of maps 378 Raised relief 386 Ratio and interval data 388 Ratios, proportions, and percentages 390 Reference maps 392 Refinement 394 Resolution 396 Rock drawing 398 Saturation 402 Scale and resolution 404 Schematic maps 406 Seeing 408 Seeing colour 410 Semiotics 412 Sensory maps 414 Shaded relief 416 Shape 418 Signal to noise 420 Simplicity vs. complexity 422 Simplification 424 Size 426 Sizing type 428 Slope, aspect, and gradient 430 Small landform representation 432 Small multiples 434 Smoothing 436 Space-time cubes 438 Spacing letters and words 440 Spatial dimensions of data 442 Statistical data classification 444 Statistical literacy 446 Stereoscopic views 448 Strip maps 450 Style, fashion, and trends 452 Styling shaded relief 454 Symbolisation 456 Symbols 458 Temporal maps 462 Texture 464 Thematic maps 466 Threshold of perception 468 Topographic maps 470 Transparency 472 Treemap 474 Type colour 476 Types of maps 478 Typographic maps 480 UI/UX in map design 484 Unclassed maps 486 Unique values maps 488 Using words 490 Value 494 Value-by-alpha maps 496 Variables, values, and arrays 498 Varying symbols 500 Vignettes 502 Viral cartography 504 Vision 506 Visualization wheel 508 Voronoi maps 510 Waffle grid 514 Weather maps 516 Web mapping 518 Web Mercator 520 Which way is up? 522 Who is cartography? 524 Wireframing and storyboarding 526 x and y 530 Your map is wrong! 534 Zeitgeist 538 Quantitative statistical maps 382 Topics (alphabetical) xv FieldCarto_Handoff.indb 15

5 Topics (thematic) FOUNDATIONS Anatomy of a map 14 Branding 38 Cartographic process 44 Cognitive biases 54 Colour in cartography 62 Colouring in 64 Copyright 80 Craft 82 Critique 86 Data arrangement 98 Defining map design 110 Defining maps and cartography 112 Digital data 120 Dysfunctional cartography 134 Elegance 146 Emotional response 152 Error and bias 154 Ethics 156 Form and function 176 Functional cartography 180 How maps are made 218 Information products 234 Informing 236 Inquiry and insight 238 Integrity 240 Knowledge and conviction 258 Map aesthetics 286 Map cube 288 Map transformation process 294 Map traps 296 Maps kill 300 Old is new again 322 Printing fundamentals 362 Prior (c)art(e) 364 Purpose of maps 378 Seeing 408 Simplicity vs. complexity 422 Style, fashion, and trends 452 Vision 506 Visualization wheel 508 Web mapping 518 Who is cartography? 524 Your map is wrong! 534 Zeitgeist 538 VISUAL GRAMMAR Abstraction and signage 2 Combining visual variables 68 Consistent denotation 70 Crispness 84 Dimensional perception 124 Dynamic visual variables 132 Graphicacy 194 Height 214 Hue 222 Isotype 250 Literal comparisons 276 Location 278 Orientation 328 Pattern fills 336 Pictograms 340 Saturation 402 Semiotics 412 Shape 418 Size 426 Symbolisation 456 Symbols 458 Texture 464 Transparency 472 Using words 490 Value 494 Varying symbols 500 GRAPHICAL DESIGN Aggregation 8 Areas 20 Clutter 52 Contrast 78 Design and response 116 Different strokes 118 Dispersal vs. layering 126 Focussing attention 170 Generalisation 184 Hierarchies 216 Information overload 232 Lines 274 Points 358 Proximity in design 374 Refinement 394 Resolution 396 Signal to noise 420 Simplification 424 Smoothing 436 Threshold of perception 468 Vignettes 502 MATHS FOR MAPMAKERS Aligning coordinate systems 10 Aspect of a map projection 22 Assessing distortion in map projections 26 Datums 108 Distortions in map projections 128 Earth coordinate geometry 138 Earth s framework 140 Earth s shape 142 Earth s vital measurements 144 Families of map projection 162 Latitude 262 Longitude 280 Map projections 290 Map projections: Decisions, decisions! 292 Measuring direction 304 Position 360 Properties of a map projection 370 Scale and resolution 404 Statistical literacy 446 Web Mercator 520 Which way is up? 522 x and y 530 WORKING WITH DATA Arbitrary data classification 18 Data accuracy and precision 96 Data classification 100 Data distribution 104 Data processing 106 Eyeball data classification 158 Frequency distributions and histogram 178 Levels of measurement 272 Making numbers meaningful 284 Nominal data 318 OpenStreetMap 324 Ordinal data 326 Point clouds 354 Ratio and interval data 388 Ratios, proportions, and percentages 390 Spatial dimensions of data 442 Statistical data classification 444 Variables, values, and arrays 498 COLOUR Additive and subtractive colour 4 All the colours 12 Colour charts 56 Colour cubes 58 Colour deficiency 60 Colour schemes 66 Constraints on map colours 72 Elements of colour 148 Greyscale 200 HSV colour model 220 Mixing colours 308 Perceptual colour spaces 338 Seeing colour 410 TYPOGRAPHY Choosing type 48 Elements of type 150 Fonts and type families 172 FieldCarto_Handoff.indb 16

6 Graphic and dynamic labelling 192 Guidelines for lettering 202 Lettering 268 Lettering in 3D 270 Placing type 344 Placing type for areas 346 Placing type for lines 348 Placing type for points 350 Sizing type 428 Spacing letters and words 440 Type colour 476 MAP TYPES Advertising maps 6 Animation 16 Aspect views 24 Atlases 28 Continuous surface maps 74 Descriptive maps 114 Fantasy maps 164 Geological maps 186 Globes 188 Hand-drawn maps 208 Isometric views 248 Jokes and satire 254 Maps for and by children 298 Mental maps 306 Mobile mapping 310 Panoramic maps 334 Planetary cartography 352 Pseudo-natural maps 376 Quantitative statistical maps 382 Reference maps 392 Schematic maps 406 Sensory maps 414 Small multiples 434 Space-time cubes 438 Stereoscopic views 448 Strip maps 450 Temporal maps 462 Thematic maps 466 Topographic maps 470 Types of maps 478 Typographic maps 480 Weather maps 516 MAPPING FEATURES Contours 76 Curvature of terrain 88 Data density 102 Digital elevation models 122 Hachures 206 Hand-drawn shaded relief 210 Hypsometric tinting 224 Illuminated contours 228 Profiles and cross-sections 368 Raised relief 386 Rock drawing 398 Shaded relief 416 Slope, aspect, and gradient 430 Small landform representation 432 Styling shaded relief 454 MAPPING THEMES Binning 36 Cartograms 42 Chernoff faces 46 Choropleth maps 50 Dasymetric maps 92 Dot density maps 130 Flow maps 168 Graduated symbol maps 190 Heat maps 212 Isarithmic maps 244 Isochrone maps 246 Multivariate maps 312 Pie and coxcomb charts 342 Pointillism 356 Prism maps 366 Proportional symbol maps 372 Treemap 474 Unclassed maps 486 Unique values maps 488 Value-by-alpha maps 496 Viral cartography 504 Voronoi maps 510 Waffle grid 514 COMPOSITION Balance 32 Basemaps 34 Data (c)art(e) 94 Flourish 166 Foreground and background 174 Graphs 196 Graticules, grids, and neatlines 198 Imagery as background 230 Interaction 242 Layouts and grids 264 Legends 266 Mashups 302 Navigating a map 316 Page vs. screen 332 UI/UX in map design 484 Wireframing and storyboarding 526 EXEMPLAR MAPS 100 Aker Wood 30 Airspace: The Invisible Infrastructure 40 Carte Figurative des Pertes Successives en Hommes de l Armée Française dans la Campagne de Russie Detail of Area around the Broad Street Pump 136 Diagram of the Causes of Mortality in the Army in the East 160 The Distribution of Voting, Housing, Employment, and Industrial Compositions in the 1983 General Election 182 Dymaxion projection 204 Earth Wind Map 226 Geologic Map of the Central Far Side of the Moon 252 Atlas of Global Geography 256 Google Maps 260 The Heart of the Grand Canyon 282 Islandia 314 Jack-o-lanterns 320 Karte der Gegend um den Walensee 330 London A Z 380 Map of London s Underground Railways 384 The Magnificent Bears of the Glorious Nation of Finland 400 Gall-Peters projection 460 The Times Comprehensive Atlas of the World 482 New York Map of Midtown Manhattan 492 Where the Population of Europe Is Growing and Where It s Declining 512 World Geo-Graphic Atlas 528 A World of Lotus, a World of Harmony 532 Yellowstone National Park 536 Topics (thematic) xvii FieldCarto_Handoff.indb 17

APC PART I WORKSHOP MAPPING AND CARTOGRAPHY

APC PART I WORKSHOP MAPPING AND CARTOGRAPHY 5 June 2015 MAPPING The act or process of making a map. A matching process where the points of one set are matched against the points of another set. Graphical