Mapping Earth. How are Earth s surface features measured and modeled?
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1 Name Mapping Earth How are Earth s surface features measured and modeled? Before You Read Before you read the chapter, think about what you know about maps Record your thoughts in the first column Pair with a partner, and discuss his or her thoughts Write those thoughts in the second column Then record what you both would like to share with the class in the third column Date Think Pair Share Chapter Vocabulary Copyright Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc Lesson 1 Lesson 2 NEW map view profile view map legend map scale longitude latitude time zone International Date Line ACADEMIC prime NEW topographic map elevation relief contour line contour interval slope geologic map cross section remote sensing ACADEMIC aerial A Lesson Content Vocabulary page for each lesson is provided in the Chapter Resources Files Mapping Earth 1
2 Lesson 1 Maps Scan Lesson 1 Write three questions in your Science Journal that you have about maps Try to answer your questions as you read Understanding Maps 9 Differentiate views of Earth s surface by describing map views and profile views A map view shows Earth s surface as though you are looking down from above A profile view shows a vertical slice through the ground Reading Maps 12 Summarize information about map legends Maps sometimes use symbols to represent certain features on Earth s surface A key called a map legend lists all the symbols used on the map what each symbols means The key also explains Organize information about map scales by completing the graphic organizer Map Scales Types Definition: A map scale shows the relationship between a distance on the map and the actual distance on the ground written graphic ratio or fraction Define the following terms about Earth s grid system latitude: distance in degrees north or south of the equator longitude: distance in degrees east or west of the prime meridian Copyright Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc 2 Mapping Earth
3 Lesson 1 Maps (continued) 12 Create a mnemonic device for remembering the difference between latitude and longitude A mnemonic device is a short poem, song, or other technique that makes it easier to remember information Accept all reasonable responses Sample answer: Latitude has a parallel attitude, but longitude goes the LONG way from pole to pole Plotting Locations 13 Analyze latitude and longitude data Write the shorthand description of each location Remember: Latitude is always stated before longitude 85 degrees west of the prime meridian and 45 degrees north of the equator: 45 N, 85 W 5 degrees west of the prime meridian and 18 degrees south of the equator: 18 S, 5 W 105 degrees east of the prime meridian and 12 degrees north of the equator: 12 N, 105 E Copyright Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc 14 Organize information about time zones by completing the spider map What is the International Date Line? the line of longitude 180 degrees east or west of the prime meridian Time Zones What is a time zone? an area on Earth s surface between two meridians where people use the same time What is the width of a time zone? 15 Why do time zones not exactly follow meridians? The locations are sometimes altered at political boundaries What is the starting point for time zones? the prime meridian Mapping Earth 3
4 Lesson 1 Maps (continued) Map Projections 15 Justify why projections are necessary when making a map of Earth Accept all reasonable responses Sample answer: Earth is shaped like a sphere, but maps are flat The only way to transfer features from a sphere onto a flat map is by making a projection 15 Compare and contrast conical and cylindrical projections by completing the Venn diagram Include at least two facts in each part of the diagram Cylindrical Both Conical grid lines are all parallel shapes near poles are distorted, meaning they appear too large transfer features from sphere to flat map always result in distortion meridians come together at the top of the map parallels for latitude are curved You are making a drawing that shows how to get to your home from school Which view would you use? What would the scale be and how would you show it? What symbols might be in the legend and what would they stand for? Accept all reasonable responses Sample answer: I would draw a map view My scale would be 1 cm = 1 km, and I would show it graphically The legend would have a square in it for a grocery store and circles for large trees Copyright Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc 4 Mapping Earth
5 Lesson 2 Technology and Mapmaking Scan Lesson 2 Read the lesson titles and bold words Look at the pictures Identify three facts you discovered about technology and mapmaking Write your facts in your Science Journal Types of Maps 19 Identify 4 types of general-use maps Type: physical Type: relief Description: uses lines, Description: uses shading shading, and color to and shadows to identify indicate features such as mountains, lakes, mountains and flat areas and streams General-Use Maps Type: political Description: uses solid and dashed lines to show Type: road Description: shows a broad range of roads, Copyright Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc 20 the boundaries between countries, states, counties, or townships Detail features of topographic maps Term Topographic map Elevation Relief from interstates to gravel roads; used for finding your way around What It Means a map that shows the detailed shapes of Earth s surface, along with its natural features the height above sea level of any point on Earth s surface the difference in elevation between the highest and the lowest point in an area Contour lines lines on a topographic map that connect points of equal elevation Mapping Earth 5
6 Lesson 2 Technology and Mapmaking (continued) 21 Analyze information about contour lines by completing the spider map Contour Lines The contour interval is the elevation difference between contours that The index contours are the lines that are labeled with the are next to each other elevation The spacing of the contours indicates slope, which is a measure of the steepness of the land 21 Demonstrate the concept of slope In the box on the left, draw contour lines that show a gradual or flat slope In the box on the right, draw contour lines for a steep slope Accept all reasonable responses Lines should be spaced far apart Accept all reasonable responses Lines should be spaced close together Copyright Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc 6 Mapping Earth
7 Lesson 2 Technology and Mapmaking (continued) 21 Analyze your drawings of steep and flat slopes IF contours are spaced far apart, THEN the slope is gradual IF contours are spaced close together, THEN the slope is steep 21 Create a topographic profile of the two land areas represented by the maps of flat and steep slopes that you drew Profile should be relatively flat Profile should show steep hills Copyright Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc 22 Describe common symbols and colors used on topographic maps Contour lines on land: brown lines Contour lines underwater: blue lines Vegetation, such as woods: green areas Water in rivers, lakes, or oceans: blue areas Buildings: black squares or rectangles Dense housing in cities: pink shading Information added after the map was originally drawn: purple Mapping Earth 7
8 Lesson 2 Technology and Mapmaking (continued) 23 Organize information about geologic maps by completing the graphic organizer Geologic Maps show t he surface geology of the mapped area use different colors and symbols to show different rock formations 23 Sequence how a geologic cross section is made Geologists learn about the rocks below the ground by drilling for samples studying earthquake waves looking at cliffs Geologists use this information to produce a profile view map of the rocks below the ground The diagram that results is called a cross section A cross section shows a vertical slice through the rocks below the surface Copyright Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc 8 Mapping Earth
9 Lesson 2 Technology and Mapmaking (continued) Making Maps Today 24 Describe GPS and GIS, two technologies that mapmakers use today Technologies Used for Making Maps GIS stands for: Geographic Information Systems data collected from satellites, aerial GPS stands for: Global Positioning System data collected from satellites photographs, and scanners data used to make different map layers data used to accurately locate reference points of the same location Copyright Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc Sample answers are shown Define remote sensing Remote sensing: the process of collecting information about an area without coming into physical contact with it Identify four applications for remote sensing to show detailed information about agriculture to show detailed information about geology to study land use to gather information about forestry Suppose that you and your family were planning to move to an unfamiliar area, such as another state or country How might you use satellite imagery to help find a new home that fits your needs without first visiting the area? Accept all reasonable responses Sample answer: You could use satellite imagery to took at surrounding areas, to see how fast or slow the area was being developed, the health of the environment, the rate of population growth, and even the shape of the streets and houses in the neighborhood Mapping Earth 9
10 Review Chapter Wrap-Up Mapping Earth Now that you have read the chapter, think about what you have learned Use this checklist to help you study Complete your Foldables Chapter Project Study your Science Notebook on this chapter Study the definitions of vocabulary words Reread the chapter, and review the charts, graphs, and illustrations Review the Understanding Key Concepts at the end of each lesson Look over the Chapter Review at the end of the chapter Review the chapter Big Idea and the lesson Key Concepts Suppose you are exploring an area you have never seen before You want to be able to find your way back to where you started What kind of map would you make? How and when would you begin to make your map? What kinds of tools would you use for making the map? Accept all reasonable responses Sample answer: I would start making the map as I go into the new area I would need a compass, a pencil, paper, and a ruler I would make a map view, as though I am looking down on the area Because I have no way to measure distance, I could use the length of a step and create a scale from that For example, every centimeter on the map is equal to 50 paces I would create a key and legend and use symbols for big trees, rock formations, or whatever else I see around me as I explore Copyright Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc Challenge Obtain a topographic map of where you live Use the map to draw a profile view of the area Use the profile view to create a three-dimensional papier-mâché model of the area 10 Mapping Earth
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