Physics and physical chemistry. of micro- and nanotechnological. systems

Transcription

1 Physics and physical chemistry of micro- and nanotechnological systems Hans-Georg Braun Max Bergmann Center of Biomaterials

2 Schedule WS 2010/2011 Topic A: Preparation and characterization of micro- and nanoscaled systems Topic B: Surface design Topic C: Liquids on surfaces and in microfluidic systems Topic D: Physical and strcutural principles for self-assembly on Varioous scales Topic E: Biomimetic inspired materials

3 Micro- and Nanotechnology Molecular Separation Cell- / Microsystems Bioanalytics Molecular Recognition Diagnostics Bionanotechnology Biomimetic Chemistry

4 Nanoobjects Layers Rods Particles z y x x y 1-d 2-d < 100 nm y 3-d

5 History of nanotechnology Ultrathin gold layers ( 100 nm)

6 History of nanotechnology Preparation of nanoobjects Faraday sols 1864 Nanoparticle preparation

7 History of nanotechnology Preparation of nanoobjects HAu(III)Cl4 reduction Au0 Citrate Ascobic acid ~5 nm Faraday sols 1864 Nanoparticle preparation 20 nm

8 History of nanotechnology Analysis of nanoobjects Scattered light Nanoparticles Zsigmondy Ultramicroscope 1900 Single particle observation

9 History of nanotechnology Faraday s solutions are no real solutions (Tyndal Faraday effect)

10 History of nanotechnology Physical properties of nanoobjects Einstein - Smoluchowski 1905 Diffusion of nanoparticles

11 History of nanotechnology Physical properties of nanoobjects Diffusion Einstein - Smoluchowki 1905 Diffusion of nanoparticles

12 Example: Cell free gene expression on a chip Buxboim and Bar-Ziv Small 3 (2007)

13 Micro- and nanostructures through self-assembly Hui Zhang and Mary J. Wirth* Anal. Chem.2005, 77,

14 Micro- and nanostructures through lithographic approaches L. Jay Guo,*, Xing Cheng, and Chia-Fu Chou*, NANO LETTERS 2004 Vol. 4, No

15 Example: Microfluidic devices for protein crystallization Li and Ismagilov Annual Review on Biophysics 39 (2010)

16 Example: Microfluidic devices for protein crystallization Li and Ismagilov Annual Review on Biophysics 39 (2010)

17 Example: Open microfluid systems Franke and Wixforth ChemPhysChem 9 (2008)

18 Example: In-situ encapsulation of cells in micrenvironement Kaehr and Shear Lab on a chip 9 (2009)

19 2d structures Lateral structures 3d structures D D D D: lateral resolution D: lateral resolution H: height Aspect ratio α α = H/D

20 Top down technologies for micro-/nanostructure preparation 100 µm 10 µm 1 µm 100 nm 10 nm Sub-micrometer Optical Lithography Softlithography Ebeam Lithography AFM based Lithography 1 nm

21 Top down technologies for micro-/nanostructure preparation 2d,3d Electronbeam & Optical, X-ray Lithography, 2d,3d Soft-Lithography 2d AFM based Lithography (dip pen, SNOM,..)

22 Ebeam and optical lithography Substrate Resist layer Irradiation Resist layer Positive resist (becomes soluble upon irradiation) Negative resist (becomes insoluble upon irradiation) Pattern transfer

23 Film formation by spin coating Substrate Resist layer Inhomogeneous thickness of resist layer and time evolution of layer thickness

24 Film formation by spin coating Process and materials parameter influencing film thickness Solution viscosity Solid content Angular speed Spin Time

25 Wetting of (polymer) solutions on solid substrates ω ~ 0 deg. Spreading 0 < ω < 90 deg. Wetting ω > 90 deg. Non-wetting

26 Wetting and dewetting of thin polymer (liquid films) on solid substrates

27 Stability of thin films on surfaces 1) Stable film, 2) Unstable film 3) Metastable film Φ effective interface potential R. Seemann, S. Herminghaus, and K. Jacobs, PRL 86 (2001) 5534

28 Stability of thin films on surfaces R. Seemann, S. Herminghaus, and K. Jacobs, PRL 86 (2001) 5534

29 Stability of thin films on surfaces h d h: thickness of polymer film d: Thickness of SiO layer R. Seemann, S. Herminghaus, and K. Jacobs, PRL 86 (2001) 5534 Polymerfilm SiO Si

30 Stability of thin films on surfaces on variable SiO interface R. Seemann, S. Herminghaus, and K. Jacobs, PRL 86 (2001) 5534

31 Wetting and partial wetting on surfaces G. Reiter et. Al. Langmuir 15 (1999) 2551

32 Optical lithography Thick layer resist technology : High aspect ratios

33 Optical lithography Thick layer resist technology : Thick layer resist systems (SU-8)

34 Optical lithography Thick layer resist technology : High aspect ratios I(d) H I(d) = I * exp- ε * d Inhomogeneous irradiation of polymer due to strong optical absorption (H > 100 µm)

35 Optical lithography Chemically amplified negative resist T-BOC cleavage Acid catalyst negative resist Alkaline development

36 Optical lithography Chemically amplified negative resist T-BOC cleavage Acid catalyst negative resist Alkaline development

37 Optical lithography Light sources and structure resolution Hg KrF 365 nm 248 nm ArF 193 nm F2 157 nm

38 Optical lithography Lenses for KrF laser sources (248 nm) Structure resolution <180 nm Lense Material Calziumfluorid Optical Transmission high above 170 nm No birefringence

39 Ebeam lithography Penetration depth of electrons with different energies in different materials

40 Ebeam lithography Penetration depth of electrons with different energies

41 Ebeam lithography Resolution down to 8 nm (A. Tilke LMU München) Resist: Calixarene

42 Optical lithography Two-photon lithography for complex 3d structures

43 Optical lithography Two-photon lithography for complex 3d structures

44 Optical lithography Two-photon lithography for complex 3d structures

45 Optical lithography Two-photon lithography for complex 3d structures

46 Optical lithography Quantum dots as 2 photon initiators 2 hν Cd S ( o o o ) o N.C. Strandwitz JACS 2008, 130(26),

47 Optical lithography in aqueous solutions Jhaveri, et. al. Chem. Mater. 2009, 21 (10), 2004 ff.

48 Maskless optical lithography - A simple setup 100 µm lines 500 µm pitch Musgraves et. al. Am. J. Phys. 2005, 73 (10), 980 ff.

49 Maskless optical lithography 3d stereolithography Sun et. al. Sensors and Actuators A 121, 2005, 113 ff.

50 Maskless optical lithography 3d stereolithography Choi et. al. J. Mat. Process. Tech. 209, 2009, 5494 ff.

51 Maskless optical lithography 3d stereolithography Kidney scaffold Choi et. al. J. Mat. Process. Tech. 209, 2009, 5494 ff.

52 DMD chip element Monk et. al. Microelectronic Eng., 27, 1995, 489 ff.

53 Optical lithography in microfluidic systems Lee et. al. Lab Chip 9, 2009, 1670 ff.

54 Optical lithography in microfluidic systems Chung et. al. Nature Materials 7, 2008, 581 ff.

55 Optical lithography in µ-fluidic systems Particle assembly Chung et. al. Nature Materials 7, 2008, 581 ff.

56 Multi-LED array Grossmann et. al. J. Neural Eng., 11, 2010, ff.

57 Multi-LED array Local stimulation of nerve cells Grossmann et. al. J. Neural Eng., 11, 2010, ff.

58 Synchroton lithography / Synchroton X-rays

59 Synchroton lithography X-rays

60 Synchroton lithography / LIGA X-rays

61 Synchroton lithography / Mask production X-rays

62 Polymer embossing Embossing machine Process steps (Jenoptik) Cycle time ~ 7 minutes Heating of substrate and tools above Tg Application of pressure (~ kn) Cooling of substrate and embossing tool below Tg Removal of tool

63 Polymer embossing Silicon master embossing tool Polymer replica made by embossing

64 Polymer microysystems Lensarrays Beam splitter

65 Microdropdeposition

66

67 Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) - The material - Me : - CH3 Pt Curing Linear flexible polymer Crosslinking Flexible crosslinked Rubber

68 Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) - The material Chemical crosslinking by hydrosilylation Schmid,H. Macromolecules 33, 3042 (2000)

69 Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) - The material Chemical modification by hydrosilylation (-O-CH2-CH2)- EO Hydrophilic

70 Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) - The material Jessamine Ng Lee, Cheolmin Park, and George M. Whitesides* Anal. Chem.2003, 75,

71 Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) - The material T.R.E. Simpsona, Z. Tabatabaianb, C. Jeynesb, B. Parbhooc, and J.L. Keddiea*

72 Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) - The material Hydrophilization by surface plasma treatment O. Steinbock, Langmuir 19, 8117 (2003)

73 Liquid filling of a capillary by Surface interactions S. Stark,Microelectronic Eng. 67/68, 229 (2003)

74 Liquid filling of a capillary by Surface interactions S. Stark,Microelectronic Eng. 67/68, 229 (2003)

75 Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) - The material Hydrophilization by surface plasma treatment O. Steinbock, Langmuir 19, 8117 (2003)

76 Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) - The material Hydrophilization by surface plasma treatment Hydrophobic recovery measured by surcface force AFM M. Meincken, T.A. Berhane, P.E. Mallon, Polymer 46 (2005)

77 Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) - The material Compression mold 2 N/mm2 Compression mold 9.7 N/mm2 Schmid,H. Macromolecules 33, 3042 (2000)

78 Permeation induced flow in PDMS channels P. Silberzan, Europhys. Letters 68, 412 (2004)

79 Permeation induced flow in PDMS channels P. Silberzan, Europhys. Letters 68, 412 (2004)

80 Permeation induced flow in PDMS channels P. Silberzan, Europhys. Letters 68, 412 (2004)

81 PDMS based complex microfluidic systems Multilayer µ-fluidic systems a) Fluidic transport layer b) Control layer S. Quake,Science 298, 580 (2002)

82 TIRF measurement of particle velocity near surfaces K.Breuer 2003 ASME International Mechanical Engineering Congress & Exposition Washington, D.C., November 16-21, 2003

83 TIRF measurement of particle velocity near surfaces K.Breuer 2003 ASME International Mechanical Engineering Congress & Exposition Washington, D.C., November 16-21, 2003

84 Unconventional lithographic techniques

85 Unconventional lithographic techniques

86 Softlithographic techniques Se-Jin Choi, Pil J. Yoo, Seung J. Baek, Tae W. Kim, and Hong H. Lee*, J. AM. CHEM. SOC. 2004, 126,

87 Softlithographic techniques UV induced radical polymerisation of polyurethaneacrylates Se-Jin Choi, Pil J. Yoo, Seung J. Baek, Tae W. Kim, and Hong H. Lee*, J. AM. CHEM. SOC. 2004, 126,

88 Softlithographic techniques Se-Jin Choi, Pil J. Yoo, Seung J. Baek, Tae W. Kim, and Hong H. Lee*, J. AM. CHEM. SOC. 2004, 126,

89 Softlithographic techniques Se-Jin Choi, Pil J. Yoo, Seung J. Baek, Tae W. Kim, and Hong H. Lee*, J. AM. CHEM. SOC. 2004, 126,

90 Rigiflex lithography Se-Jin Choi, Pil J. Yoo, Seung J. Baek, Tae W. Kim, and Hong H. Lee*, J. AM. CHEM. SOC. 2004, 126,

91 Rigiflex lithography Se-Jin Choi, Pil J. Yoo, Seung J. Baek, Tae W. Kim, and Hong H. Lee*, J. AM. CHEM. SOC. 2004, 126,

92 Complex shaped 3d nanoparticles Larken E. Euliss, Julie A. DuPont, Stephanie Gratton and Joseph DeSimone Chem. Soc. Rev., 2006, 35,

93 Complex shaped 3d nanoparticles Larken E. Euliss, Julie A. DuPont, Stephanie Gratton and Joseph DeSimone Chem. Soc. Rev., 2006, 35, S.E.A. Gratton et al. / Journal of Controlled Release 121 (2007) 10 18

94 Complex shaped 3d nanoparticles Larken E. Euliss, Julie A. DuPont, Stephanie Gratton and Joseph DeSimone Chem. Soc. Rev., 2006, 35, S.E.A. Gratton et al. / Journal of Controlled Release 121 (2007) 10 18

95 Complex shaped 3d nanoparticles

96 Complex shaped 3d nanoparticles Jason P. Rolland, Benjamin W. Maynor, Larken E. Euliss, Ansley E. Exner, Ginger M. Denison, and Joseph M. DeSimone J. AM. CHEM. SOC. 9 VOL. 127, NO. 28,

97

98 Polymers in micro- and nanotechnology 2d structures Lateral structures DNA Chip 3d structures Microfluidic channel

99 Surface Engineering Au, Cu, Ag Al2O3 HS-R (OH)3-P-O-R SiO2 X3Si-O-R Tailored Surface Chemistry

100 Micro-contact printing Polymer stamp (PDMS) Siliconmicrostructure or PMMA resist

101 Micro-contact printing Polymer stamp (PDMS) Ink

102 Micro-contact printing Polymer stamp (PDMS) Ink

103 Surface Engineering Surface Polymerized Polypeptides

104 Poly-γ-benzylglutamate Orientational Change of α-helix by solvent Resulting change in layer thickness

105 Poly-γ-benzylglutamate Orientational Change of α-helix by solvent Resulting change in layer thickness

106

107 Surface Engineering Surface Patterning

108 Surface patterning Microcontact Printing (Whitesides) 1 µm Electron Beam Lithography of Self-Assembled Monolayers (Craighead) 1 nm Dip-Pen Lithography of Self-Assembled Monolayers (C.A. Mirkin)

109 Micro-contact printing of solutions M. Wang, H.-G. Braun, T. Kratzmüller, E. Meyer, Adv. Mater. 13, 1312 (2000)

110 Micro-contact printing of solutions M. Wang, H.-G. Braun, T. Kratzmüller, E. Meyer, Adv. Mater. 13, 1312 (2000)

111 Micro- and nanotechnology as multidisciplinary fields Physics Fundamentals for structuring technologies Optical tweezers Dip pen lithography

112 Affecting Physicochemical and Physical Properties of Surfaces by Surface Patterning

113 Wetting on patterned surfaces Non-wettable wettable T > Tdew Peltierelement T < Tdew Peltierelement

114 Wetting

115 Liquids on homogeneous surfaces Θ γsv - (γsl + γl cos(θ)) Youngs Equation g R Laplace pressure Pinside Poutside = 2 γ /R

116 Liquid morphologies on striped surfaces Theoretical description: R. Lipowsky, Structured surfaces and morphological wetting transitions, Interface Science 9, (2001)

117 Liquid morphologies on patterned surfaces

118 Capillary bridges as structural motifs

119 Capillary bridges as complex shaped liquid / liquid interfaces

120 Dewetting

121 Water assisted dewetting H.-G. Braun, E. Meyer, Thin Solid Films 345, 222 (1999)

122 Film rupture during dewetting on homogeneous surfaces

123 Film formation by controlled dewetting on micropatterned surfaces E. Meyer, H.-G. Braun, Macromol. Mater. Eng. 276/277, 44 (2000)

124 Mesophases of amphiphilic molecules A. Mueller, D. O Brien, Chem. Rev. 2002, 102, 727

125 Lipid bilayers and their transitions A. Mueller, D. O Brien, Chem. Rev. 2002, 102, 727

126 Topochemical Polymerisation of polydiacetylenes G. Wegner

127 Polymerisable diacetylenes in vesicles / liposomes / layers H.Y. Shim, S.H. Lee, D.J. Ahn, K.-D. Ahn, J.M. Kim, Mat. Sci. Eng. C 24, 2004, 157

128 H.Y. Shim, S.H. Lee, D.J. Ahn, K.-D. Ahn, J.M. Kim, Mat. Sci. Eng. C 24, 2004, 157

129 Stress induced transformations of polydiacetylene molecules ( AFM, SNOM) R.W. Carpick, J.Phys.Cond. Matter 16, 2004, R679

130 Planar conformation of polyconjugated polymer backbone in blue polydiacetylenes R.W. Carpick, J.Phys.Cond. Matter 16, 2004, R679

131 Change in colour due to interaction of polyacrylic acid with blue ( B) vesicles J.M. Kim et. Al., Adv. Mat. 15, 2003, 1118

132 Polydiacetylenes as molecular stress sensors R. Jelinek, JACS 123, 2001, 417

133 Formation of vesicle networks by electroporation, tether formation and extrusion O. Orwar, Langmuir 99, 2002, 11573

134 Formation of vesicle networks O. Orwar, Langmuir 99, 2002, 11573

135 Formation of multi component vesicle networks O. Orwar, Langmuir 99, 2002, 11573

136 Formation of multi component vesicle networks O. Orwar, Langmuir 99, 2002, 11573

137 3-d Liposome networks attached to SU-8 Resist O. Orwar, Langmuir 20, 2004, 5637

138 Formation of vesicle networks O. Orwar, Langmuir 99, 2002, 11573

139 Knots in nanofluidic vesicle networks O. Orwar, PNAS 101, 2004, 7949

140 Brochard-Wyart, Langmuir 19, 2003, 575

141 Brochard-Wyart, Langmuir 19, 2003, 575

142 Seifert et. Al. PRL, 2004,

143 Maeda, BBA 1564, 2002, 165

144 O. Orwar, Anal. Chem. 75, 2003, 2529

145 Formation of vesicle networks on microstructured surfaces O. Orwar, Langmuir 100, 2003, 3904

146 Generating flow between vesicle networks by changing their shape M. Karlsson, O. Orwar, Annual Reviews Physical Chemistry 55, 2004, 613

147 Diffusion through nanochannels O. Orwar, Anal. Chem. 75, 2003, 2529

148 The concept of vesicle nanofluidic networks M. Karlsson, O. Orwar, Annual Reviews Physical Chemistry 55, 2004, 613

149 Formation of lipid double layer from vesicles SG Boxer, Biophysical Journal, 2002, 83, 3372

150 Mobile microstructured membranes SG Boxer, Langmuir, 2001, 17, 3400

151 Field induced diffusion of lipids SG Boxer, Accounts Chemical Research, 2002, 35, 149

152 Mobile microstructured membranes SG Boxer, Current Opinion Chemical Biology, 2000, 704

153 Membrane Microfluidics SG Boxer, Langmuir, 2003, 19, 1624

154 Membrane Microfluidics SG Boxer, Langmuir, 2003, 19, 1624

155 Dynamics of nanoobjects Motion in ratchets

156 Dynamics of nanoobjects Motion in ratchets

157 Dynamics of nanoobjects Motion in ratchets Bader et. al.appl. Phys. A 75, (2002)

158 Dynamics of nanoobjects Motion in ratchets Bader et. al.appl. Phys. A 75, (2002)

159 Dynamics of nanoobjects Motion in ratchets Bader et. al.appl. Phys. A 75, (2002)

160 Dynamics of nanoobjects Motion in ratchets Gorre-Talini, Spatz, Silberzan Chaos, Vol. 8, No. 3, 1998

161 Dielectric force patterning Fudouzi, Journal of Nanoparticle Research 3: , 2001.

162 Dielectric force patterning Fudouzi, Journal of Nanoparticle Research 3: , 2001.

163 Optical tweezers

164 Optical multitweezers

165 Optical tweezers for multiple particle manipulation

166 Flow behaviour on different scales Turbulent flow Flow on a very large scale

167 Flow behaviour on different scales Laminar flow Small scale

168 Physical effects of small volumes From turbulent to laminar flow Re = vs L / ν = Inertia forces / Viscous forces Re : Reynolds number L vs : mean fluid velocity [m s-1 ] ν : width of channel (pipe) [m] : kinematic fluid viscosity [m2 s-1] Typical Reynolds numbers (Relaminar < < Returbulent) Spermatozoa ~ 1 x 10-2 Blood flow in brain ~ 1 x 102 Blood flow in aorta ~ 1 x 103 Microchannels <1 Person swimming ~ 4 x 106

169 Physical effects of small volumes Parabolic flow profile Laminar and turbulent flow

170 Physical effects of small volumes From turbulent to laminar flow Aqueous solution c0, c1 L 100 nm < L < 100 µm Stationary flow boundary between flowing miscible liquids (water) Concentration gradient c0, c1 causes Mixing through diffusion across the boundary

171 Understandig Generation Microfluidics Application of microsized liquid phases

172 The cell as a highly functionalized microdroplet

173 Going smaller and smaller 100 µm 10 µm 1 nanoliter 1 picoliter 1 µm 1 femtoliter 1 mm 1 microliter 100 nm 1 attoliter 1 cm 1 milliliter 1 nm 10 nm

174 Physical effects of small volumes Increase in specific surface area with decreasing volume R V = 4/3 π R3 S = 4 π R2 Sspecific = S/V = 3 / R Surface interactions and forces become dominating in small dimensions

175 Geometrical features of microfluidic systems

176 Flow induced generation of microemulsion droplets

177 Flow induced generation of microemulsion droplets

178 Rayleigh instability of cylindrical shaped liquid structures

179 Flow induced generation of microemulsion droplets Monodisperse Emulsion Generation via Drop Break Off in a Coflowing Stream P. B. Umbanhowar, V. Prasad, D. A. Weitz Langmuir 16, 347 (2000)

180 Flow induced encapsulation of cells Selective Encapsulation of Single Cells and Subcellular Organelles into Picoliter- and Femtoliter-Volume Droplets Mingyan He, J. Scott Edgar, Gavin D. M. Jeffries, Robert M. Lorenz, J. Patrick Shelby, and Daniel T. Chiu Anal. Chem. 2005, 77,

181 Flow induced generation of complex microphases Monodisperse Double Emulsions Generated from a Microcapillary Device S. Utada, E. Lorenceau, D. R. Link, P. D. Kaplan,H. A. Stone, A. Weitz Science 308, 537 (2005)

182 Flow induced generation of complex microphases Monodisperse Double Emulsions Generated from a Microcapillary Device S. Utada, E. Lorenceau, D. R. Link, P. D. Kaplan,H. A. Stone, A. Weitz Science 308, 537 (2005)

183 Flow induced generation of complex microphases Monodisperse Double Emulsions Generated from a Microcapillary Device S. Utada, E. Lorenceau, D. R. Link, P. D. Kaplan,H. A. Stone, A. Weitz Science 308, 537 (2005)

184 Micro- and nanostructures through self-assembly Guillaume Tresset and Shoji Takeuchi*, Anal. Chem.2005, 77,

185 Cell encapsulatioon in microdroplets Mingyan He, J. Scott Edgar, Gavin D. M. Jeffries, Robert M. Lorenz, J. Patrick Shelby, and Daniel T. Chiu* Anal. Chem.2005, 77,

186 Biomimetics learning from Biosystems 1. Pearls and Mussels 1. Magnetosomes 1. Silk Structural properties 1. Diatomes 1. Lotus effect 1. Gecko Functional properties

187 Biomimetic calcification Nacre and pearls

188 Biomimetic calcification

189 Biomimetic calcification

190 Biomimetic calcification

191 Biomimetic calcification

192 Biomimetic calcification J. Aizenberg, A.J. Black, G.M. Whitesides, Nature 398 (1999) 495

193 Biomimetic calcification J. Aizenberg, A.J. Black, G.M. Whitesides, Nature 398 (1999) 495

194 Biomimetic calcification J. Aizenberg, Advanced Materials 16 (2004) 1295

195 Biomimetic calcification J. Aizenberg, Advanced Materials 16 (2004) 1295

196 Biomimetic calcification J. Aizenberg et. Al., Science 299 (2003) 1205

197 Silk Tensile strength : kg/cm² ( 5 times steel)

198 Silk Glcyin 37 %, Alanin 18 %, Polar Aminoacids 26 %

199 Silk

200 Silk QGAGAAAAAA-GGAGQGGYGGLGGQG AGQGGYGGLGGQG --AGQGAGAAAAAAAGGAGQGGYGGLGSQG AGR---GGQGAGAAAAAA-GGAGQGGYGGLGSQG AGRGGLGGQGAGAAAAAAAGGAGQGGYGGLGNQG AGR---GGQ--GAAAAAA-GGAGQGGYGGLGSQG AGRGGLGGQ-AGAAAAAA-GGAGQGGYGGLGGQG AGQGGYGGLGSQG AGRGGLGGQGAGAAAAAAAGGAGQ--- GGLGGQG AGQGAGASAAAA-GGAGQGGYGGLGSQG AGR---GGEGAGAAAAAA-GGAGQGGYGGLGGQG _----AGQGGYGGLGSQG AGRGGLGGQGAGAAAA---GGAGQ---GGLGGQG AGQGAGAAAAAA-GGAGQGGYGGLGSQG AGRGGLGGQGAGAVAAAAAGGAGQGGYGGLGSQG AGR---GGQGAGAAAAAA-GGAGQRGYGGLGNQG AGRGGLGGQGAGAAAAAAAGGAGQGGYGGLGNQG AGR---GGQ--GAAAAA--GGAGQGGYGGLGSQG AGR---GGQGAGAAAAAA-VGAGQEGIR--- GQG M. Xu, RV Lewis, PNAS, 87 (1990) 7120 J.D. van Beek, S. Hess, F. Vollrath & B.H. Meier PNAS 99 (2002) 10266

201 Silk Molecular nanosprings in spider capture-silk threads NATHAN BECKER1, EMIN OROUDJEV1, STEPHANIE MUTZ1, JASON P. CLEVELAND2, PAUL K. HANSMA1, CHERYL Y. HAYASHI3, DMITRII E. MAKAROV4 AND HELEN G. HANSMA Nature Materials 2 (2003) 278

202 Silkcapsules T. Scheibel, Adv. Mat. 19 ( 2007) 1810

203 Silkcapsules T. Scheibel, Adv. Mat. 19 ( 2007) 1810

204 Magnetic Particles Crystallographic structure of Magnetite (Fe3O4)

205 Magnetic Particles Electron spin configuration in Magnetite

206 Magnetic Order in Solid State Ferromagnetic: Parallel spin order Antiferromagnetic: Antiparallel spin order Paramagnetic: No spin order Superparamagnetic: Temporary spin orientation In external magnetic field nanosized effect

207 Magnetization in ferro- and Superparamagnetic systems

208 Neutron Scattering

209 Neutron Scattering Powder Diffractometer

210 Neutron Scattering

211 Magnetosome Formation Bazylinski, D., Frankel, R., Magnetic iron oxide and iron sulfide minerals within microorganisms. In: Baeuerlein, E. (Ed.), Biomineralization: from biology to biotechnology and medical application. Wiley-VCH, Weinheim, Germany, pp

212 Magnetosome Formation Arash Komeili, et al., Science 311, 242 (2006) Magnetosomes Are Cell Membrane Invaginations Organized by the Actin-Like Protein MamK

213 Magnetosome Formation Arash Komeili, et al., Science 311, 242 (2006) Magnetosomes Are Cell Membrane Invaginations Organized by the Actin-Like Protein MamK

214 Magnetosome Formation Atsushi Arakaki, J. R. Soc. Interface (2008) 5, Formation of magnetite by bacteria and its application

215 Magnetosome Formation

216 Magnetosome Formation

217 Magnetosome Formation

218 Magnetosome Formation Dirk Schüler J. Molec. Microbiol. Biotechnol. (1999) 1(1):

219 Magnetosome Formation Magnetite formation in presence of the protein mms6 results in similar size distribution as in the cell Arakaki, A., Webb, J. & Matsunaga, T. A novel protein tightly bound to bacterial magnetite particles in Magnetospirillum magneticum strain AMB-1. J. Biol. Chem. 278, (2003).

220 Magnetosome Application Atsushi Arakaki, J. R. Soc. Interface (2008) 5, Formation of magnetite by bacteria and its application

221 Magnetosome Stabilisation a protein coating a) With MM MM Magnetosome Membrane b) Without MM protein coating Claus Lang and Dirk Schüler, J. Phys.: Condens. Matter 18 (2006) S2815 S2828 Biogenic nanoparticles: production, characterization, and application of bacterial magnetosomes

222 Magnetosome Functionalization Claus Lang and Dirk Schüler, J. Phys.: Condens. Matter 18 (2006) S2815 S2828 Biogenic nanoparticles: production, characterization, and application of bacterial magnetosomes

223 Synthetic Magnetosomes Yeru Liu and Qianwang Chen, Nanotechnology 19 (2008) Synthesis of magnetosome chain-like structures

224 Synthetic Magnetosomes Yeru Liu and Qianwang Chen, Nanotechnology 19 (2008) Synthesis of magnetosome chain-like structures

225 Magnetic nanoparticles in hyperthermia Rudo lf He rg t, S ilvio Dutz, Journal of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials 311 (2007) Magnetic particle hyperthermia biophysical limitations of a visionary tumour therapy

226 Magnetic nanoparticles in hyperthermia Rudo lf He rg t, S ilvio Dutz, Journal of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials 311 (2007) Magnetic particle hyperthermia biophysical limitations of a visionary tumour therapy

227 Biomimetic approaches The gecko spiderman Autumn, K. MRS Bulletin 32, 473 (2007)

228 Biomimetic approaches The gecko structural entities C: Setae D: Single Setae - individual keratin fibrills (Spatula) Autumn, K. MRS Bulletin 32, 473 (2007)

229 Biomimetic approaches The gecko structural entities on various sizes Gao,H. Mechanics of Materials 37, 275 (2005)

230 Biomimetic approaches The gecko some basic mechanics F = 2/3 π R γ Van der Waals interaction Arzt,E. PNAS 100, (2003)

231 Biomimetic approaches The gecko some basic mechanics Arzt,E. PNAS 100, (2003)

232 Biomimetic approaches The gecko adhesion properties of materials Autumn, K. MRS Bulletin 32, 473 (2007)

233 Biomimetic approaches The gecko scaling of stresses Autumn, K. MRS Bulletin 32, 473 (2007)

234 Biomimetic approaches The gecko theoretical approaches Reibung Saugnäpfe Kapillarkräfte Mikroverzahnung Elektrostatik Van der Waals

235 Biomimetic approaches Van der Waals Kräfte Tritt zwischen allen Materialien auf Bewirkt durch Elektronenfluktuation Kurzreichweitig ~ 1/ D3 Stark abhängig von der Kontaktfläche

236 Biomimetic approaches Van der Waals Forces Hamaker constant: Add up all the interactions Between the red atoms Interaction free energy between two cubes of edge length L And separation distance l (-A/12 π l2) L2 l<< L L l (per pair)

237 Biomimetic approaches The gecko technological applications F = n1/2 F Chan, EP. MRS Bulletin 32, 496 (2007)

238 Biomimetic approaches The gecko technological applications Chan, EP. MRS Bulletin 32, 502 (2007)

239 Biomimetic approaches The gecko biomimetic materials Geim, AK Nature Materials 2, 461 (2003)

240 Biomimetic approaches The gecko technological applications Chan, EP. MRS Bulletin 32, 502 (2007)

241 Biomimetic approaches The gecko - some structural aspects of reversible Creton, C. & Gorb, S. MRS Bulletin 32, 466 (2007)

242 Biomimetic approaches The gecko capillary effects (secondary) Huber G., PNAS 102, (2005)

243 Biomimetic approaches The gecko technological applications Daltorio, KA. MRS Bulletin 32, 504 (2007)

244 Hydrophobic surface of collemboles (Springschwanz)

245 Hydrophobic surface of collemboles (Springschwanz)

246 Biomimetic approaches Ultrahydrophobic surfaces Influence of surface texture by roughness a,c Wenzel case Influence of surface texture by air entrapment b Cassie Baxter case Quere, D., Nature 1, 14 (2002)

247 Biomimetic approaches Ultrahydrophobic surfaces Wenzel case cos (θr) = r cos(θs) Contact angle on rough surface Contact angle on smooth surface r = A / A A = true surface area A = apparent surface area Cho, W.K., Nanotechnology 18, (2007)

248 Biomimetic approaches Ultrahydrophobic surfaces Cassie-Baxter cos (θr) = f1 cos(θs) f2 f1 = surface fraction mat. f2 = surface fraction air Cho, W.K., Nanotechnology 18, (2007)

249 Biomimetic approaches Ultrahydrophobic surfaces Shibuichi, S., J. Phys. Chem. 100, (1996)

250 Biomimetic approaches Ultrahydrophobic surfaces Aluminiumoxide surface hydrophobization by topography Cho, W.K., Nanotechnology 18, (2007)

251 Biomimetic approaches Ultrahydrophobic surfaces Surface hydrophobization by chemistry Cho, W.K., Nanotechnology 18, (2007)

252 Biomimetic approaches Ultrahydrophobic surfaces Cho, W.K., Nanotechnology 18, (2007)

253 Biomimetic ultrahydrophobic surface of Indium oxide Y. Li j. Coll. Int. Sci. 314, (2007)

254 Self organization of µ-/ mesocaled objects Self-assembling machines S. Griffith Nature 237, 636 (2005)

255 Self organization of µ-/ mesocaled objects Self-assembling machines R. Gross IEEE Transactions on robotics 237, (2006)

256 Self organization of µ-/ mesocaled objects Self-assembling microparts W. Zheng and H.O. Jacobs Adv. Mater. 2006, 18,

257 Self organization of µ-/ mesocaled objects Interfacial tension driven self-assembly J. Fang, KF Böhringer J. Micromech. Microeng. (2006)

258 Self organization of µ-/ mesocaled objects Principles of particle self-assembly L.Malaquin. Langmuir 2007, 23,

259 Self organization of µ-/ mesocaled objects Principles of particle self-assembly L.Malaquin. Langmuir 2007, 23,

260 Self organization of µ-/ mesocaled objects Principles of particle self-assembly PolyStyrene particles L.Malaquin. Langmuir 2007, 23, Gold particles

261 Ultrahydrophobic honeycomb films W. Dong Langmuir 2009, 25,

262 Self organization of µ-/ mesocaled objects Principles of particle self-assembly / DNA assisted SA M,.P. Valignat PNAS 2005, 102,

263 Self organization of µ-/ mesocaled objects Depletion induced assembly Hernadez, Mason TG, J.Phys. Chem. C (2007) 4477

264 Self organization of µ-/ mesocaled objects Principles of particle self-assembly / DNA assisted SA M,.P. Valignat PNAS 2005, 102,

265 Self organization of µ-/ mesocaled objects Principles of particle self-assembly / electrostatic SA J. Tien Langmuir 1997, 13,

266 Self organization of µ-/ mesocaled objects Principles of particle self-assembly / electrostatic SA J. Tien Langmuir 1997, 13,

267 Self organization of µ-/ mesocaled objects Principles of particle self-assembly / wetting controlled SA Rothemund PNAS 2000, 97,

268 Self organization of µ-/ mesocaled objects Flotation of (micro)objects - water strider Pan ACS Appl. Mat. & Interfaces 2010, 2, 2025

269 Self organization of µ-/ mesocaled objects Flotation of (micro)objects - water strider Pan ACS Appl. Mat. & Interfaces 2010, 2, 2025

270 Self organization of µ-/ mesocaled objects Flotation of (micro)objects - water strider Chang Appl. Phys. Letters 95 (2009)

271 Self organization of µ-/ mesocaled objects Cheerios effect Vella American Journal of Physics 73 (2005) 817

272 Self organization of µ-/ mesocaled objects Principles of particle self-assembly / wetting controlled SA Rothemund PNAS 2000, 97,

273 Self organization of µ-/ mesocaled objects Principles of particle self-assembly / surface induced SA Onoe Small 2007, 3,

274 Self organization of µ-/ mesocaled objects Principles of particle self-assembly / surface induced SA Onoe Small 2007, 3,

275 Self organization of µ-/ mesocaled objects Principles of particle self-assembly / surface induced SA Onoe Small 2007, 3,

276 Self organization of µ-/ mesocaled objects Interfacial tension driven self-assembly M. Bowden Journal of the American Chemical Society 121, (1999)

277 Self organization of µ-/ mesocaled objects Interfacial tension driven self-assembly M. Bowden Journal of the American Chemical Society 121, (1999)