Biology 4B Laboratory Protist Diversity

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1 Biology 4B Laboratory Protit Diverity Objective Learn the baic characteritic that define organim claified within the Protit taxon To learn the anatomy, life cycle and identification of repreentative organim from the principle Protit phyla To demontrate an undertanding of the ecological and economic importance of organim within thi taxon Introduction Within the Domain Eukarya, preently, there are four uper group which recognize 23 kingdom (Figure 1). Three of thee Kingdom: Fungi, Animalia and Plantae are all the only one till recognized from Whittaker original five kingdom claification. The twenty remaining protit kingdom comprie a polyphyletic group hitorically referred to a Protita. Mot of the member are ingle-celled organim (originally called the protozoa), but alo included are colonial pecie and true multi-cellular algae (thee ued to be included among the plant). Protit are alo divere in that they can have fungal-like, plant-like, animal-like or can be mixotrophic (combination of the three). Many poe cilia, flagellum(a) or peudopodia for locomotion. They have a worldwide ditribution in aquatic (frehwater or marine) or terretrial environment. Protit can be aerobic or anaerobic in their repective environment. For lab, you are reponible for knowing the four upergroup: 1) Excavata in it member poe a cytokeleton, an excavated feeding groove or are amitochondriate, 2) SAR clade (Stramenopile, Alveolate and Rhizarian): Member in thi upergroup have unique DNA equence, econdary endoymbioi with red algae, unique rrna. In addition ome member may have: alveoli, hairy flagella and are ameboid. 3) Archaeplatida include red and green alga group along with land plant. Member have platid with two membrane and are photoynthetic. 4) Unikonta include member that poe a ingle flagellum or are ambeoid without a flagellum. Supergroup Excavata Diplomonad Parabaalid Euglenozoan = Oberve live and prepared lide Euglena = mixotrophic ingle celled aquatic (frehwater and marine) organim o Oberve a live pecimen for euglenoid movement o Look for the nucleu, flagellum and eyepot Trypanooma pp = heterotropic ingle celled paraite o Oberve prepared lide, look for thi flagellated organim among the blood cell Find the large mitochondrion Dieae caued: Africa African leeping ickne (vector = tete fly) America Chaga dieae (aain or kiing bug) Supergroup SAR Clade (Stramepile, Alveolate and Rhizarian) Stramenopile = diatom, golden and brown algae Diatom = comprie another important part of the phytoplankton of marine and freh water ecoytem. They are ingle-celled organim that have a ilica (iliceou) keleton coniting of two overlapping halve (not unlike the two part of a Petri dih). o Oberve prepared diatom lide and note the divere morphology Biology 4B Laboratory Protit Page 1 of 5

2 Brown algae = a very large, multicellular, motly marine group that prefer cool or cold water temperature in the intertidal zone and deep near hore water. The dominant photoynthetic i fucoxanthin. Some of thee may grow to incredible ize (e.g. Macrocyti pp, the giant kelp). o Oberve freh and herbarium heet of preed example of brown algae Find holdfat, tipe and blade (function for each) Tidepool: giant kelp, ea potato, feather boa, rockweed, argaum, ea palm Alveolate = a large and divere (from the perpective of a biology tudent). There are three phyla within thi taxon: dinoflagellate (Dinoflagellata), apicomplexan (Apicomplexa) and ciliate (Ciliophora). Dinoflagellate = are ingle-celled protit found in marine and freh water ecoytem; they comprie an important part of the phytoplankton. o Ceratium (example dinoflagellate in our lab lide) look for the flagellar groove and flagella Some dinoflagellate pecie can caue red tide along coatal water Ciliate = are frehwater pecie that ue cilia to move and feed. o Oberve live and prepared pecimen of Paramecium, Blepharima and Stentor Find and know the function: cilia, macronucleu, micronuclei, food vacuole, oral groove (Paramecium) Rhizarian Foram = pore bearing amoeboid protit with multi-chambered tet commonly compried of calcium carbonate. o Examine prepared lide of foraminifera. Look cloely at the tet. From what material are the tet contructed? Can you ee the foraminifera? Radiolarian = amoeboid protit with iliceou tet that comprie marine zooplankton. o Examine prepared lide of radiolarian. Draw at leat two hape of tet. Supergroup Archaeplatida Red algae (Rhodophyta) = red color derive from a pigment called phycoerythrin. The platid containing thi pigment are believed to have originated a cyanobacteria incorporated into the red algae by primary endoymbioi. Red algae prefer warmer coatal water and ome coralline pp contribute to coral reef. o Examine the live and herbarium pree pecimen. o Tidepool: coralline algae Green algae (Chlorophyta) = poe chloroplat and are probably cloely related to the true plant. It i the cell of chlorophyte that live ymbiotically with fungi to create the organim we call lichen. o Oberve live and prepared lide of Volvox, a colonial chlorophyte Find the daughter colonie (how are they produced?) Tidepool= ea lettuce, dead man finger Supergroup Unikonta Amoebozoan Amoeba = oberve live and prepared lide o Find the nucleu, contractile vacuole, peudopodia, food vacuole, plamalemma o Oberve cytoplamic treaming in the live pecimen. Do not mix the container, amoeba will be found living on the bottom of the container. Biology 4B Laboratory Protit Page 2 of 5

Stramenopile Alveolate Rhizarian Diplomonad Parabaalid Euglenozoan Diatom Golden algae Brown algae Dinoflagellate Apicomplexan Ciliate Foram Cercozoan Radiolarian Excavata SAR clade Green algae Red

3 Stramenopile Alveolate Rhizarian Diplomonad Parabaalid Euglenozoan Diatom Golden algae Brown algae Dinoflagellate Apicomplexan Ciliate Foram Cercozoan Radiolarian Excavata SAR clade Green algae Red algae Chlorophyte Charophyte Land plant Archaeplatida Amoebozoan Opithokont Slime mold Tubulinid Entamoeba Nucleariid Fungi Choanoflagellate Animal Unikonta Figure One. Propoed phylogeny of the Eukaryote A you examine the divere ample notice how thi taxon range from ingle-celled to multicellular, from heterotroph to autotroph, and from tructurally imple (ingle celled) to complex. Look for characteritic that are hared with animal, plant and fungi; mot evolutionary biologit believe the remaining multicellular kingdom aroe from protit ancetor. Biology 4B Laboratory Protit Page 3 of 5

4 Claification Scheme for the Eukarya (baed on Reece et al., 2014) Domain Eukarya Super Kingdom Excavata Kingdom Parabaala (trichomonad) Lacking mitochondria Trichomona vaginali, vaginal and urethral paraite Kingdom Diplomonadida (diplomonad) Two eparate nuclei, no platid, no mitochondria, multiple flagella Giardia lamblia, human intetinal paraite Kingdom Euglenozoa (euglenoid and kinetoplatid) Flagellated, may be autotrophic, mixotrophic or heterotrophic Phylum Euglenophyta Euglena, organim een in live in thi lab Phylum Kinetoplatida Trypanooma, caue African leeping ickne, Chaga dieae Super Kingdom SAR Clade (Stramenopila, Alveolata, Rhizaria) Kingdom Stramenopila Phylum Bacillariophyta (diatom) mot divere algal phylum over 10,000 marine and freh water pecie, ecrete ilica tet (hell) Phylum Chryophyta (golden algae) combination of yellow and brown pigment, unicellular pecie of pond and lake Phylum Phaeophyta (brown algae) multicellular marine algae uually known a ea weed Phylum Oomycota 1 (water mold) Phytophthora infetan (potato blight) Phytophthora ramorum (udden oak death) Kingdom Alveolata (Membrane bound alveoli under cell urface) Phylum Dinoflagellata (dinoflagellate) Microcopic algae that form the bai of mot marine food chain Phylum Apicomplexa (Paraite of animal) Plamodium, caue malaria in human Phylum Ciliophora (ciliate) Move by undulating cilia, feed by ingeting bacteria or other protit, marine or frehwater Paramecium, Stentor, Blepharima Kingdom Rhizaria Phylum Radiolaria (radiolarian and heliozoan) Phylum Foraminifera (foraminiferan) Phylum Cercozoa Super Kingdom Archaeplatida Kingdom Rhodophyta (red algae) Motly marine algae, motly multicellular, poe unique red phytopigment Kingdom Chlorophyta (green algae) unicellular and filamentou algae, freh water and marine Kingdom Charophyta (Charophycean) Kingdom Plantae Phylum Hepatophya (liverwort) Phylum Anthocerophyta (hornwort) Biology 4B Laboratory Protit Page 4 of 5

5 Phylum Lycophta (lycophyte: Lycopodium) Phylum Pterophyta (whih fern, horetail and true fern) Phylum Ginkophtyta Phylum Cycadophtyta Phylum Gnetophyta (Mormon tea, Welwitchia) Phylum Coniferophyta (conifer) Phylum Anthophyta (flowering plant) Super Kingdom Unikonta Kingdom Amoebozoa 1 Reece, et. Al doe not acknowledge the Phylum Oomycota; however, we need a place holder for thi important group. Phylum Myxogatrida (plamodial lime mold) Phylum Dictyotelida (cellular lime mold) Phylum Gynamoeba Phylum Entamoeba Kingdom Nuclearida Kingdom Fungi Phylum Chytridiomycota Phylum Zygomycota Phylum Glomeromycota Phylum Acomycota Phylum Baidiomycota Kingdom Choanoflagellata Kingdom Animalia Biology 4B Laboratory Protit Page 5 of 5

On the slides and live specimens find the (and know the function of) nucleus paramylon bodies cytopharynx flagellum eyespot

On the slides and live specimens find the (and know the function of) nucleus paramylon bodies cytopharynx flagellum eyespot Biology 3B Laboratory Protist Diversity Objectives Learn the basic characteristics that define organisms classified within the Protist taxon To learn the anatomy, life cycles and identification of representative