Kingdom Protista. The following organisms will be examined in the lab today: Volvox, Oedogonium, Spirogyra, Ulva
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1 Kingdom Protista I. Introduction The protists are a diverse group of organisms. In the past they have been classified as fungi, plants and animals. They can be green, autotrophs or nongreen heterotrophs. Protists occur in freshwater, salt water, soil, and as symbionts within other organisms. Due to this tremendous diversity, classification of the Protista is difficult. Protists exhibit a great deal of variation in their life histories (life cycles). They exhibit an alternation between diploid and haploid phases that is similar to the alternation of generations found in plants. Protist life cycles vary from diploid dominant, to haploid dominant. The organisms in this exercise make a huge impact on the biosphere. One great contribution of photosynthetic protist is the production of oxygen. Many of these protists are given the common name algae. These are found in pond water, and even clogs your aquarium. Some algae are phytoplankton which are floating algae and the base of the aquatic food chain. The following organisms will be examined in the lab today: Phylum Euglenophyta Ciliophora Bacillariophyta Pyrrophyta Rhodophyta Phaeophyta Chlorophyta Amoeboids Common Name Euglena Paramecium Diatoms Dinoflagellates Red Algae Brown Algae, Fucus Volvox, Oedogonium, Spirogyra, Ulva Ameoba II. Objectives Upon completion of this lab, students should be able to: 1. Identify plant and animal like characteristics of the Kingdom Protista. 2. Recognize members of each phylum in the Kingdom Protista 3. Distinguish between different structures found in each Phylum. 1
2 III. Observation of representative members of Kingdom Protista Phylum Euglenophyta: Euglenoids Euglena is a motile, unicellular protist. Most species are photosynthetic autotrophs because they contain chloroplasts. Examine a living Euglena specimen 1. Prepare a wet mount of Euglena from the culture provided. 2. Observe the Euglena at low power and high power. Within the cytoplasm, identify the chloroplasts and look for the centrally located nucleus. 3. Observe the flagella. The flagella pulls the organism through the aquatic environment in which it lives. You may also observe a contraction-like motion of the entire cell. This is called Euglenoid movement. The movement provides means of locomotion for mud-dwelling organisms. 4. Notice the orange eyespot. This is a photoreceptive organelle located within the cytoplasm. 5. Draw a sketch of the organism. Sample Magnification Phylum Ciliophora: Paramecium caudatum Most members of the phylum Ciliophora are covered with numerous short structures called cilia involved in locomotion. This particular member is one of the largest ciliates. Paramecium are predators, they engulf organisms such as yeast and take them into food vacuoles where they are digested. 1. Prepare a wet mount of the paramecium culture on a clean microscope slide. 2. Observe the rapid movement with the low power objective. Observe the many cilia. 3. Switch to high power and observe the centrally located nucleus which is called the macronucleus. The paramecium is binucleate and contains a smaller nucleus as well. 4. Draw a sketch of paramecium. Sample Magnification 2
3 Phylum Chrysophyta: Diatoms The phylum Chrysophyta includes the diatoms. Diatoms are called the organisms that live in glass homes because they contain cell walls made of silica. Their cell walls are used for many purposes such as polishing agents in toothpaste and a reflective pain additive placed on roads. Massive amounts of cell walls of dead diatoms make up the diatomaceous earth. 1. Observe the prepared slide of the diatoms. 2. Note the tiny holes in the shells and observe the variety. The diameter of the holes is characteristic of each species. 3. Sketch a drawing of several species of diatoms. Sample Magnification Phylum Pyrrophyta: Dinoflagellates Dinoflagellates exhibit a spinning motion. Sometimes the population of dinoflagellates increases dramatically and causes the seas to turn red. This is known as the red tide and poisons fish. Dinoflagellates produce neurotoxins which poison the fish that eat them. 1. Observe the prepared slide of Ceratium and Peridinium. 2. Identify the stiff cellulose structure surrounding the cytoplasm. 3. Identify two grooves formed by the junction of these cellulose structures. This is where the flagella is located. 4. Draw a sketch of both dinoflagellates. 3
4 Sample Magnification Sample Magnification Phylum Rhodophyta: Red Algae Members of this phylum can vary in color from red to green to purple to green-black. Their color depends on the amount of phycobilin pigment they have. These pigments are blue and red. These are accessory photosynthetic pigments that capture light energy from the sun and pass it to chlorophyll for photosynthesis. Red algae are a source of agar that is found in their cell wall. Agar is used to culture microorganisms. 1. Observe a prepared slide of red algae. 2. Note that the clear areas are the cell walls of red algae. 3. Sketch a drawing of the red algae. Sample Magnification 4
5 Phylum Phaeophyta: Brown Algae Most Brown algae are found in cold, aquatic environments. This group consists of multicellular organisms. Their brown color is due to the accessory pigment fucoxanthin. Fucoxanthin is present in such large amounts in Brown algae that it masks the color of the chlorophylls. Brown algae contain algin in its cell wall. This is of economic importance as it is used to make ice cream smooth, cosmetics soft, and uniform paint. 1. Observe the prepared slide of Fucus (a brown algae). Fucus is found on the coastal shore attached to rocks. 2. Observe the preserved speciman of Fucus and notice the blade that is the long portion of the brown algae that is brown, thick and a branched structure. This contains the sex organs of the organism. The tiny dots on the blade are openings in which sperm cells swim in to fertilize the eggs contained inside the blade. Also notice the stipe which is the thin end of the Fucus. 3. Draw a sketch of Fucus. Sample Magnification Phylum Chlorophyta: Including Volvox, Oedogonium, Ulva This phylum comprises of a variety of protists that are motile and nonmotile, unicellullar and multicellular, filamentous and membranous. They are a group of green protist as they contain the pigment chlorophyll. This phylum gave rise to the land plants, as the chloroplasts are identical to the ones found in plants. This group is also known as green algae. Volvox 1. Prepare a wet mount of the volvox culture. Volvox is a motile protist that exists in colonies. The colonies are held together by a gelatinous matrix. 2. Identify the gelatinous matrix that is the transparent region between individual cells. 3. Each cell within the colony contains flagella. As the flagella move, the entire colony rolls in the water. 4. Draw a sketch of the volvox. 5
6 Sample Magnification Oedogonium 1. Obtain a prepared slide of Oedogonium. Oedogonium is a nonmotile protist. It is exists as a filament which contains spores called zoospores. This species is commonly found attached to the sides of an aquarium. 2. Locate a single chloroplast within each cell. Observe the filament. 3. Oedogonium reproduce asexually and sexually. They reproduce asexually by the formation of spores known as zoospores. Sexual reproduction is easily observed on prepared slides. Look for the presence of a very large egg. This is known as the oogonia and is the female sex organ. The antheridia appear as a short boxlike cell that produces sperm. 4. When the egg cell is fertilized by sperm, a zygote forms which develops a thick wall. Upon germination, the diploid nucleus undergoes meiosis producing motile spores. When the spores settle down, mitosis occurs to produce the haploid filament. 5. Also observe the preserved specimen of Oedogonium and notice the filamentous nature of this organism. Sample Magnification 6
7 Spirogyra Spriogyra is another filamentous green algae that is common to the freshwater ponds and forms a bright green mass on the surface of the water. 1. Prepare a wet mount of a spirogyra culture. Observe the filaments under the microscope set at low power. Identify the sheath, which appears as a bright edge of the cell wall. 2. Observe the chloroplasts. 3. Each cell contains a large central vacuole and a single nucleus. Locate the nucleus. 4. Asexual reproduction occurs when a small part of the filament breaks off and continues to grow. Zoospores do not form in this organism. Sexual reproduction also occurs but the male and female sex organs look identical to one another. 5. Draw a sketch of spirogyra. Sample Magnification Ulva Ulva represents a category of green algae that contains a membranous body. Sometimes Ulva is known as sea lettuce as it is highly leaflike. 1. Obtain a prepared slide of Ulva. Notice the leaflike body that is called the thallus. 2. Draw a sketch of the Ulva. Sample Magnification 7
8 Questions 1. What plant-like characteristics did you observe in Euglena? 2. What animal-like characteristics did you observe in Euglena? 3. While walking along the beach in California, you see a dark colored plant like organism. While you do not know the scientific name, you can tell that it s a algae belonging to the phylum. 4. Scientists are concerned that the depletion of the ozone layer will result in a reduction of populations of marine algae. What is the role of these organisms? 5. In 1950 the living world was classified simply into two kingdoms: plants and animals. More recently, scientists developed the five-kingdom system of classification: plants, animals, monerans, protists and fungi. In 2000 there was a general consensus among scientists that three domains with more than five kingdoms was a better system for classifying living organisms. Using the protists studied in this lab, describe why it is difficult to place the protist in a particular kingdom or domain. 8
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