BIOLOGY. Chapter 23 Protists

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1 BIOLOGY Chapter 23 Protists

2 CAMPBELL BIOLOGY TENTH EDITION Reece Urry Cain Wasserman Minorsky Jackson 28 Protists 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

Fig. 28-01 PROTISTS Eukaryotic Single, colonial or multicellular Fungal-like, plant-like, animal-like or

3 Fig PROTISTS Eukaryotic Single, colonial or multicellular Fungal-like, plant-like, animal-like or mixotrophs (combo) Cilia, flagellum/(a) or psuedopodia Worldwide (aquatic or terrestrial) Aerobic or anaerobic 1 µm

4 Figure 23.8 (a) Paramecium waves hair-like appendages called cilia to propel itself. (b) Amoeba uses lobe-like pseudopodia to anchor itself to a solid surface and pull itself forward. (c) Euglena uses a whip-like tail called a flagellum to propel itself.

5 Figure 23.1 Protists range from the microscopic, single-celled (a) Acanthocystis turfacea and the (b) ciliate Tetrahymena thermophila, both visualized here using light microscopy, to the enormous, multicellular (c) kelps (Chromalveolata) that extend for hundreds of feet in underwater forests. (credit a: modification of work by Yuiuji Tsukii; credit b: modification of work by Richard Robinson, Public Library of Science; credit c: modification of work by Kip Evans, NOAA; scale-bar data from Matt Russell)

6 Fig / Fig 23.4 Endosymbiosis & Eukaryotic evolution Cyanobacterium Cyanbacterium Primary endosymbiosis Heterotrophic Primary endosymbiosis Heterotrophic eukaryote eukaryote Over the course of evolution, this membrane was lost. Membranes are represented as dark lines in the cell Red alga One of these membranes was lost in red and green algal descendants. Green alga Both share similar DNA sequences with photosynthetic cyanobacteria. Red alga Green alga 1 µm

7 Fig Endosymbiosis & Eukaryotic evolution Plastid Dinoflagellates Dinoflagellates Cyanobacterium Cyanobacterium Membranes are represented as dark lines in the cell. Red alga Red alga Secondary endosymbiosis Secondary endosymbiosis Apicomplexans Apicomplexans Primary endosymbiosis Primary endosymbiosis Stramenopiles Stramenopiles Heterotrophic eukaryote Over One the of course these of evolution, membranes was this membrane lost in red and was lost. green algal descendants. Green alga Green alga Secondary endosymbiosis Secondary endosymbiosis Secondary endosymbiosis Secondary endosymbiosis Plastid Plastid Euglenids Euglenids Chlorarachniophytes 4 membranes

Figure 23.6 Hypothesized process of endosymbiotic The hypothesized process of endosymbiotic events leading to the evolution of chlorarachniophytes is shown.

8 Figure 23.6 Hypothesized process of endosymbiotic The hypothesized process of endosymbiotic events leading to the evolution of chlorarachniophytes is shown. Primary endosymbiotic event: a heterotrophic eukaryote consumed a cyanobacterium Secondary endosymbiotic event: the cell resulting from primary endosymbiosis was consumed by a second cell organelle became a plastid

9 Fig a/Fig23.9 OLD VERSION 5 Supergroups Protists polyphyletic Alveolate s Stramenopiles Diplomonads Parabasalids Euglenozoans Dinoflagellates Apicomplexans Ciliates Diatoms Golden algae Brown algae Oomycetes Chlorarachniophytes Forams Radiolarians Excavata Chromalveolata Rhizaria cytoskeleton Feeding groove excavated amitochondriate alveoli Flagellum(a) Ameboid critters rrna Red algae Chlorophytes Charophyceans Land plants Archaeplastida plastids (2 membranes) photosynthesis Slime molds Gymnamoebas Entamoebas Nucleariids Fungi Unikonta Single flagellum or ambeoid w/o flagellum Choanoflagellates Animals

10 Figure Supergroups (Presently) Protists polyphyletic Diplomonads Parabasalids Euglenozoans Excavata Excavata 5 μm Archaeplastida 20 μm 50 μm Stramenopiles Alveolates Rhizarians Amoebozoans Opisthokonts Green algae Diatoms Golden algae Brown algae Dinoflagellates Apicomplexans Ciliates Forams Cercozoans Radiolarians Red algae Chlorophytes Charophytes Land plants Slime molds Tubulinids Entamoebas Nucleariids Fungi Choanoflagellates Animals SAR clade Archaeplastida Unikonta SAR Clade 100 μm 50 μm Unikonta 100 μm

11 Figure 28.2a 4 Supergroups Protists polyphyletic Stramenopiles Alveolates Rhizarians Diplomonads Parabasalids Euglenozoans Diatoms Golden algae Brown algae Dinoflagellates Apicomplexans Ciliates Forams Cercozoans Radiolarians Excavata SAR clade cytoskeleton Feeding groove excavated amitochondriate DNA sequence 2 endosymbiosis with red algae Some: alveoli Some hairy flagella Some ameboid rrna Green algae Red algae Chlorophytes Charophytes Land plants Archaeplastida plastids (2 membranes) photosynthesis Amoebozoans Opisthokonts Slime molds Tubulinids Entamoebas Nucleariids Fungi Choanoflagellates Animals Unikonta Single flagellum or ambeoid w/o flagellum

Fig. 28-03b Diplomonads Parabasalids Euglenozoans

12 Fig b Diplomonads Parabasalids Euglenozoans Excavata cytoskeleton feeding groove amitochondriate

13 Fig. 28-UN1 There were 5 Supergroups Kinetoplastids Euglenids Diplomonads Parabasalids Euglenozoans Excavata Chromalveolata Rhizaria Archaeplastida Unikonta

14 Figure 28.UN02 Now there s 4 Supergroups Diplomonads Parabasalids Euglenozoans Excavata SAR clade Archaeplastida Unikonta

15 Diplomonads Figure Lack plastids No/reduced mitochondria Relic mitosomes lack ETC Anaerobic environment Multi-flagellated (4) 2 haploid nuclei Many parasitic & free-living Giardia lamblia

16 Parabasala Large modified golgi parabasal body No/reduced mitochondria Hydrogenosomes (anaerobic) Multiflagellated Endobionts Trichomonas vaginalis Trichonympha

17 Euglenozoa All biflagellated (2) Crystaline rod Photosynthetic, heterotrophic or mixotrophic Free-living or parasitic Kinetoplastids or Euglenids

Large mitochondrion Kinetoplastid DNA Worldwide distribution Free

18 Figure & Euglenozoa 1) Kinetoplastids spiral or crystaline rod in flagella Large mitochondrion Kinetoplastid DNA Worldwide distribution Free living or parasitic Bait & switch surface proteins Trypa soma Africa African sleeping sickness Americas Chaga s disease Trypanosoma

19 African Sleeping Sickness Trypa osoma gambie se Vector = tsetse fly

20 Chaga s Disease Trypa osoma cruzi Vector = kissing bug (assassin bug) Americas

Fig. 28-07 Euglenozoa 2) Euglenids Euglena (mixotrophic) Long flagellum Eyespot Short flagellum

21 Fig Euglenozoa 2) Euglenids Euglena (mixotrophic) Long flagellum Eyespot Short flagellum Contractile vacuole Light detector Nucleus Chloroplast Euglena (LM) 5 µm Plasma membrane Pellicle

22 Fig. 28-UN2 Older version Dinoflagellates Apicomplexans Ciliates Diatoms Golden algae Brown algae Oomycetes Alveolates Stramenopiles Excavata Chromalveolata Alveoli Flagellum(a) Rhizaria Archaeplastida Unikonta

23 Figure 28.UN03 Present version Diatoms Golden algae Brown algae Dinoflagellates Apicomplexans Ciliates Forams Cercozoans Radiolarians Stramenopiles Alveolates Rhizarians Excavata SAR clade DNA sequence 2 endosymbiosis with red algae Some: alveoli Some hairy flagella Some ameboid rrna Archaeplastida Unikonta

24 0.2 µm Alveolates: 1) Dinoflagellates, 2) Apicomplexans & 3) Ciliates Flagellum Alveoli Alveolate Fig

25 Figure Dinoflagellates Biflagellated (90 ) Flagellular groove Cellulose plates Freshwater & marine Photosynthetic & mixotrophic Endosymbionts of corals (zooxanthellae/zoochorellae) Red tides Paralytic shellfish poisoning (PSP)

26 Fig µm Flagella

27 Figure Apicomplexan Specialized structure on sporozoite or merozoite stage penetrate host All parasitic Digenetic Sexual & asexual stages Bait & switch surface proteins

28 Fig /Fig Anopheles Inside human Plasmodium lifecycle Merozoite Liver Liver cell Apex Merozoite (n) Red blood cell Red blood cells Gametocytes (n) Key Haploid (n) Diploid (2n)

29 Fig /Fig Inside mosquito Anopheles Inside human Plasmodium lifecycle Merozoite Liver Liver cell Apex Merozoite (n) Red blood cell Zygote (2n) Red blood cells FERTILIZATION Gametes Gametocytes (n) Key Haploid (n) Diploid (2n)

30 Fig /Fig Inside mosquito Anopheles Inside human Plasmodium lifecycle Sporozoites (n) Liver Merozoite Liver cell Oocyst Apex MEIOSIS Merozoite (n) Red blood cell Zygote (2n) Red blood cells FERTILIZATION Gametes Gametocytes (n) Key Haploid (n) Diploid (2n)

31 Figure Ciliates Paramecium Cilia 2 nucleic Macronucleus (regulation) Micronucleus (repro) Conjugation & binary fission Vacuoles (food, contractile) Free living, parasitic Blepharisma Stentor

32 Figure Ciliate Diversity

33 Fig Figure Contractile vacuole 50 µm Cilia Oral groove Cell mouth Micronucleus Macronucleus Food vacuoles (a) Feeding, waste removal, and water balance MEIOSIS Compatible mates Diploid micronucleus The original macronucleus disintegrates. Diploid micronucleus Haploid micronucleus MICRONUCLEAR FUSION Key (b) Conjugation and reproduction Conjugation Reproduction

from two original cells. Each cell has a macronucleus and a micronucleus.

34 Figure The complex process of sexual reproduction in Paramecium creates eight daughter cells from two original cells. Each cell has a macronucleus and a micronucleus. During sexual reproduction, the macronucleus dissolves and is replaced by a micronucleus. (credit micrograph : modification of work by Ian Sutton; scale-bar data from Matt Russell)

35 3 clades Diatoms Golden algae Brown algae Aquatic algae w/ flagella Thin straw-like flagella Stramenopiles

36 Fig /Fig Stramenopile flagella Smooth flagellum Hairy flagellum 5 µm

37 Fig /Fig Diatom flagella 3 µm

38 /Fig Freshwater or Marine Unicellular Overlapping silica walls Phytoplankton Diatomaceous earth Diatoms

39 Fig h /Fig µm

40 Fig Flagellum Outer container Living cell Chrysophyta = golden algae

41 Brown Algae Phyaeophyta Fucoxanthin (PS pigment) Marine,cold Blade Alternation of generations Diploid & haploid Analogous structures Stipe Holdfast Fig

Fig. 28-16-2 Sporangia 10 cm Mature female gemetophyte (n) Developing sporophyte Zygote (2n) FERTILIZATION

42 Fig Sporangia 10 cm Mature female gemetophyte (n) Developing sporophyte Zygote (2n) FERTILIZATION Sporophyte (2n) Egg Female Zoospore MEIOSIS Gametophytes (n) Male Hairy flagellum Key Sperm Haploid (n) Diploid (2n)

43 Rhizarians amoebas Radiolarians, foraminiferans (forams) & cercozoans Psuedopodia (locomotion & feeding) Figure Pseudopodia Radiolarian Silica tests Psuedo radiate from central body 200 µm Fig

44 Fig i/Fig µm Foraminiferan (Foram) CaCO 3 tests Porous, multichambered test Psuedo through pores Endosymbiotic algae

45 Cercozoans Amoeboid & flagellated with threadlike psuedopodia Marine, FW & soil ecosystems Parasitic & predators Figure 28.19

46 Fig. 28-UN4 Older version Chlorophytes Charophyceans Red algae Green algae Land plants Excavata Chromalveolata Rhizaria Archaeplastida Unikonta

47 Figure 28.UN04 Current version Chlorophytes Charophytes Red algae Green algae Land plants Excavata SAR clade Archaeplastida Plastids endosymbiosis Unikonta

Fig. 28-19 Red Algae Rhodophyta Phycoerythin Warmer waters 20 cm Bonnemaisonia hamifera 8 mm Dulse (Palmaria palmata) Nori. The red alga Porphyra is the source of a traditional Japanese food.

48 Fig Red Algae Rhodophyta Phycoerythin Warmer waters 20 cm Bonnemaisonia hamifera 8 mm Dulse (Palmaria palmata) Nori. The red alga Porphyra is the source of a traditional Japanese food. The seaweed is grown on nets in shallow coastal waters. The harvested seaweed is spread on bamboo screens to dry. Paper-thin, glossy sheets of nori make a mineral-rich wrap for rice, seafood, and vegetables in sushi.

49 Fig j/Fig µm Green Algae Chlorophyta Fresh vs marine Chlorophyll Charophytes Land Plants 50 µm Daughter colony

50 Fig Green Algae (a) Ulva, or sea lettuce 2 cm (b) Caulerpa, an intertidal chlorophyte

similarities Diatom diversity rhizarian in

51 Chromoaveolata SAR supergroup The SAR clade is a diverse monophyletic supergroup 3 major clades stramenopiles, alveolates, & rhizarians highly diverse group DNA similarities Diatom diversity rhizarian in the SAR clade 5 μm Smooth flagellum Hairy flagellum

52 Figure 28.UN05 Slime molds Tubulinids Entamoebas Nucleariids Fungi Choanoflagellates Animals Excavata SAR clade Archaeplastida Unikonta

Fig. 28-03f Psuedopodia Amoebozoans Opisthokonts Slime molds Gymnamoebas

53 Fig f Psuedopodia Amoebozoans Opisthokonts Slime molds Gymnamoebas Entamoebas Nucleariids Fungi Choanoflagellates Animals Unikonta Posterior flagellum

54 Fig /Fig Amoebozoans Plasmodial slime molds 4 cm FERTILIZATION Zygote (2n) Feeding plasmodium Mature plasmodium (preparing to fruit) Flagellated cells (n) Amoeboid cells (n) Germinating spore Spores (n) Mature sporangium Young sporangium MEIOSIS 1 mm Stalk Key Haploid (n) Diploid (2n)

55 Amoebozoans Figure Spores FERTILIZATION (n) Cellular Slime molds 600 µm Emerging amoeba (n) Solitary amoebas (feeding stage) (n) SEXUAL REPRODUCTION MEIOSIS Zygote (2n) Fruiting bodies (n) ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION Aggregated amoebas Amoebas (n) Migrating aggregate 200 µm Fig Key Haploid (n) Diploid (2n)

56 Fig l/Fig Amoebozoans 100 µm

57 Figure 28.29/Fig Protists play key roles in ecological communities Photosynthetic Protists Producer Other consumers Herbivorous plankton Carnivorous plankton Prokaryotic producers Protistan producers

58 Figure Protists play key roles in ecological communities Endosymbiont

59 Figure 28.2 Excavata 5 μm Archaeplastida 20 μm 50 μm Diplomonads Parabasalids Euglenozoans Excavata Stramenopiles Alveolates Rhizarians Amoebozoans Opisthokonts Green algae Diatoms Golden algae Brown algae Dinoflagellates Apicomplexans Ciliates Forams Cercozoans Radiolarians Red algae Chlorophytes Charophytes Land plants Slime molds Tubulinids Entamoebas Nucleariids Fungi Choanoflagellates Animals SAR clade Archaeplastida Unikonta SAR Clade 100 μm 50 μm Unikonta 100 μm

60 Figure 28.UN06a Eukaryote Supergroup Major Groups Key Morphological Characteristics Specific Examples Excavata Diplomonads and parabasalids Modified mitochondria Giardia, Trichomonas Euglenozoans Kinetoplastids Spiral or crystalline rod inside flagella Trypanosoma, Euglena Euglenids SAR Clade Stramenopiles Diatoms Hairy and smooth flagella Phytophthora, Laminaria Golden algae Brown algae Alveolates Dinoflagellates Apicomplexans Membrane-enclosed sacs (alveoli) beneath plasma membrane Pfiesteria, Plasmodium, Paramecium Ciliates Rhizarians Radiolarians Amoebas with threadlike pseudopodia Globigerina Forams Cercozoans

61 Figure 28.UN06b Eukaryote Supergroup Major Groups Key Morphological Characteristics Specific Examples Archaeplastida Red algae Phycoerythrin (photosynthetic pigment) Porphyra Green algae Plant-type chloroplasts Chlamydomonas, Ulva Land plants (See Chapters 29 and 30.) Mosses, ferns, conifers, flowering plants Unikonta Amoebozoans Slime molds Tubulinids Amoebas with lobeshaped or tube-shaped pseudopodia Amoeba, Dictyostelium Entamoebas Opisthokonts (Highly variable; see Chapters ) Choanoflagellates, nucleariids, animals, fungi

62 If the mitochondria and chloroplasts in eukaryotic cells resulted from endosymbiosis, what features might we expect these organelles to contain? A. a plasma membrane, DNA, and ribosomes B. a plasma membrane, nucleus, and ribosomes C. nucleus, DNA, and ribosomes D. a plasma membrane, nucleus, and cilia E. nucleus, ribosomes, and cilia

63 Trypanosoma, a kinetoplastid, is the causative agent of a) HIV/AIDS b) Malaria c) Giardiasis d) Trichomoniasis e) Sleeping sickness

64 Which of the following most likely arose from endosymbiosis? A. nuclear membrane and Golgi apparatus B. ER and chloroplasts C. chloroplasts and mitochondria D. mitochondria and Golgi apparatus

Endosymbiosis & Eukaryotic evolution

Endosymbiosis & Eukaryotic evolution Fig. 28-01 PROTISTS Eukaryotic Single, colonial or multicellular Fungal-like, plant-like, animal-like or mixotrophs (combo) Cilia, flagellum/(a) or psuedopodia Worldwide (aquatic or terrestrial) Aerobic