Unit 8: Prokaryotes, Protists, & Fungi Guided Reading Questions (60 pts total)

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1 AP Biology Biology, Campbell and Reece, 10th Edition Adapted from chapter reading guides originally created by Lynn Miriello Name: Chapter 27 Bacteria and Archaea Unit 8: Prokaryotes, Protists, & Fungi Guided Reading Questions (60 pts total) Concept 27.1 Structural and functional adaptations contribute to prokaryotic success. 1. What are the three most common shapes of prokaryotes? (Figure 27.2) 2. How does a cell wall help a prokaryote survive? (three ways) 3. Define the following terms: a. peptidoglycan b. Gram stain c. Gram-positive d. Gram-negative e. capsule f. endospore - g. fimbria h. pilus i. flagellum - Page 1 of 12

2 4. Describe the process of the creation of an endospore and why this helps the prokaryote. 5. Explain the movement of prokaryotes. (Be sure to include the term taxis. ) 6. Where do prokaryotes store their chromosome? 7. What is the purpose of having a plasmid and why is this essential? 8. Identify and explain two adaptations that enable prokaryotes to survive in environments too harsh for other organisms. Concept 27.2 Rapid reproduction, mutation, and genetic recombination promote genetic diversity in prokaryotes. 9. Although mutation is the major source of genetic variation in prokaryotes, listed below are the other three ways variation is introduced. Briefly Explain each one. Source of Variation Summary Explanation Transformation: Transduction: Recombination: Page 2 of 12

3 10. Compare and contrast transduction and transformation (See Concept 16.1). 11. What occurs in bacterial conjugation? Concept 27.3 Diverse nutritional and metabolic adaptations have evolved in prokaryotes. 12. Contrast the different modes of nutrition in a prokaryote. Be sure to include energy sources, carbon sources, and an example of the organism that uses this mode. a. photoautotroph - Energy source Carbon source Example b. chemoautotroph - c. photoheterotroph - d. chemoheterotroph Compare and contrast the three metabolic relationships to oxygen. 14. How does nitrogen fixation help prokaryotes become mostly self-sufficient? 15. Describe an example of metabolic cooperation involving a biofilm. Page 3 of 12

4 Concept 27.4 Prokaryotes have radiated into a diverse set of lineages. 16. Contrast the domains bacteria and archaea. 17. Define the following terms: a. extremophiles b. extreme halophiles c. extreme thermophiles d. methanogens Concept 27.5 Prokaryotes play crucial roles in the biosphere. 18. Define each of these terms and give a specific example: a. decomposer - b. symbiosis c. host d. symbiont e. mutualism f. commensalism g. parasitism h. parasite i. pathogen - Page 4 of 12

5 Concept 27.6 Prokaryotes have both beneficial and harmful impacts on humans. 19. Explain the process of bioremediation and how it helps nature by using prokaryotes. AP Biology Exam Checkpoint: 20. Which of the following do bacteria use to attach to surfaces? A. pili B. flagella C. cell walls D. ribosomes Chapter 28 Protists Concept 28.1 Most eukaryotes are single-celled organisms. 1. Protists vary in structure and function more than any other group of organisms. However, there are some common traits shared by all protists. List two of these common traits below. 2. Study Figure What are the four supergroups of eukaryotes? 3. Endosymbiosis was a key process in eukaryotic evolution. Many protist lineages are actually the result of secondary endosymbiosis. Distinguish between primary and secondary endosymbiosis and give an example of each. Definition Example Primary endosymbiosis: Secondary endosymbiosis: Page 5 of 12

6 4. Label the figure below (Figure 28.3) to show the key steps in several secondary endosymbiotic events. 5. What term is commonly used to refer to photosynthetic protists? Concept 28.2 Excavates include protists with modified mitochondria and protists with unique flagella. 6. What are the basic characteristics of diplomonads? 7. What are the basic characteristics of parabasalids? 8. What is the main morphological feature shared by the organisms included in the euglenozoans? Page 6 of 12

7 9. What human disease is associated with the kinetoplastids? 10. Some euglenids are mixotrophs. What is a mixotroph? Concept 28.3 The SAR clade is a highly diverse group of protists defined by DNA similarities. 11. What is the main morphological feature shared by the organisms included in the stramenopiles? 12. What are the basic characteristics of the following groups? a. diatoms b. golden algae c. brown algae 13. What does the term alternation of generations specifically refer to? (Figure 28.13) 14. What is the main morphological feature shared by the organisms included in the alveolates? 15. What are the basic characteristics of the following groups? a. dinoflagellates b. apicomplexans c. ciliates Page 7 of 12

8 16. What is the main morphological feature shared by the organisms included in the rhizarians? 17. What are the basic characteristics of the following groups? a. radiolarioans - b. foraminiferans c. cercozoans - Concept 28.4 Red algae and green algae are the closest relatives of land plants. 18. What are some of the general characteristics of red algae? 19. What are the two main divisions of green algae? Concept 28.5 Unikonts include protists that are closely related to fungi and animals. 20. What is the main morphological feature shared by the organisms included in the amoebozoans? 21. What are the basic characteristics of the following groups? a. slime molds b. tubulinids c. entamoebas Page 8 of 12

9 22. As explained in the introduction to this chapter, the former kingdom Protista is not a monophyletic group. Explain how groups like nucleariids and choanoflagellates illustrate why scientists have abandoned the kingdom Protista. Concept 28.6 Protists play key roles in ecological communities. 23. Justify the claim that photosynthetic protists are among the biosphere s most important organisms. 24. Describe three symbioses that include protists. AP Biology Exam Checkpoint: 25. The paramecium pictured on the right is a(n) A. ciliate. B. diatom. C. dinoflagellate. D. apicomplexan. 50 µm Chapter 31 - Fungi Concept 31.1 Fungi are heterotrophs that feed by absorption. 1. How do fungi acquire their nutrients? How does surface area connect with this concept? Page 9 of 12

10 2. Define the following terms concerning the body structure of fungi: a. hyphae b. chitin c. septum d. coenocytic fungi e. mycelium f. haustoria g. mycorrhizae 3. What is the difference between ectomycorrhizal fungi and endomycorrhizal fungi? Concept 31.2 Fungi produce spores through sexual or asexual life cycles. 4. Complete the following diagram that represents a generalized life cycle of a fungus (Figure 31.5). Be sure to utilize the key. Page 10 of 12

11 5. Define these terms associated with sexual reproduction in fungi: a. spore b. pheromone c. plasmogamy d. heterokaryon e. dikaryotic f. karyogamy g. mold h. deuteromycete - Concept 31.3 The ancestor of fungi was an aquatic, single-celled, flagellated protist. 6. How is it believed that fungi evolved? Label the diagram concerning the phylogeny of fungi and their close relatives (Figure 31.8). Concept 31.4 Fungi have radiated into a diverse set of lineages. 7. What about chytrids is unique among fungi? 8. What are the general characteristics of zygomycetes? Page 11 of 12

12 9. Why is a zygosporangium, despite being 2n, not a typical zygote? 10. What type of endomycorrihzae do glomeromycetes have and what is special about it? 11. What are the general characteristics of ascomycetes? What are ascomycetes asexual spores called? 12. What are the general characteristics of basidiomycetes? Concept 31.5 Fungi play key roles in nutrient cycling, ecological interactions, and human welfare. 13. What are the three broad categories of symbiotic relationships between fungi and other organisms list and describe them below What are some practical uses of fungi? AP Biology Exam Checkpoint: 15. Karyogamy produces a A. spore. B. mycelium. C. diploid zygote. D. haploid zygote. Page 12 of 12

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