Major Events in the History of Earth

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1 Major Events in the History of Earth Cenozoic Humans Land plants Animals Origin of solar system and Earth Multicellular eukaryotes 1 Proterozoic eon 2 Archaean eon 3 4 Single-celled eukaryotes Atmospheric oxygen Prokaryotes

2 Classification systems 5 Kingdom system 3 Domain system 1. Monera 1. Bacteria 2. Archaea 2. Protista 3. Eukarya 3. Fungi 4. Animalia 5. Plantae

3 Prokaryotes vs. eukaryotes Unicellular vs. multicellular autotrophic vs. heterotrophic Symbiotic relationships between any two organisms: 1. commensalism one organism benefits and the other is unaffected 2. mutualism both organisms benefit 3. parasitism one organism benefits and the other one is harmed.

4 Bacteria tyoflife/bacteria/

5 Bacteria - Very diverse - Unicellular prokaryotes (lack a nucleus) - Three basic shapes: Bacillus, coccus, spirals - Some are filamentous - Have a complex cell wall - Some autotrophic (Phototrophic or chemotrophic) others heterotrophic decomposers - Found everywhere. Many live as symbionts in other organisms

6 Common Diseases caused by Bacteria Coccus (Cocci) Diplococcus- Neisseria gonorrhoeae Streptococcus- Streptococcus pyogenes Grape-like- Staphylococcus aureus Bacillus (Bacilli) Single- Bacillus anthracis Coccobacilli- Chlamydia trachomatis Spiral Vibrio- Vibrio cholera Spirillum- Campylobacter jejuni, Helicobacter pylori Spirochete- Treponema pallidum

7 Eukaryotes Protista Bottom dwellers: attached or creeping Drift passively near the water surface (plankton) Phytoplankton - photosynthetic (planktonic algae and cyanobacteria) form the foundation of most marine and freshwater food webs - free living species Zooplankton- Protozoa - heterotrophic

8 Eukaryotic- Protista Majority unicellular Multicellular seaweed, kelp Cell wall present or absent Vary in cell wall composition: o Silica (glass) o Calcium carbonate (limestone) o Cellulose Vary in energy source o Photosynthetic Euglena o Heterotrophic Amoeba & Paramecium Parasitic pathogens: Giardia Malaria

9 Amoeba

10 Euglena

11 Paramecium

12 Diatoms

13 Volvox

14 Early aquatic photosynthetic organisms : - Prokaryotic Cyanobacteria - Eukaryotic algae Unicellular Chlamydomonas Multicellular Spirogyra

15 Cyanobacteria filamentous photosynthetic prokaryote; Spirogyra filamentous photosynthetic algae Cyanobacteria Spirogyra

16 Cyanobacteria filamentous photosynthetic prokaryote;

17 Spirogyra filamentous photosynthetic algae, pond scum

18

19 Fungi Eukaryotic decomposers (heterotrophic) found in many environments - saltwater or fresh water - on land - cold or warm temperatures Serve as a valuable ecological function by processing dead organic matter Unicellular (yeast) Multicellular filamentous (mold) Parasitic pathogens:

20 Fungi evolved from an aquatic, flagellated ancestor A fungus usually consists of a mass of threadlike hyphae called a mycelium Hypha Mycelium

21 Fungi absorb food after digesting it outside their bodies and absorb the nutrients

22 Fungal life cycles include asexual and sexual stages ASEXUAL - Haploid spores give rise to multi-cellular filamentous haploid hyphae by mitosis - The haploid hyphae are made of mating types

23 Fungal groups differ in their life cycles and reproductive structures Key Haploid (n) Heterokaryotic (n + n) Diploid (2n) Mycelia of different Cells fuse mating types 2 3 Zygosporangium (n + n) 1 Young zygosporangium (heterokaryotic) Fusion of nuclei Sporangium Meiosis 4 Spores (n)

24 SEXUAL in fruiting bodies - Fusion of haploid hyphae produces a stage containing nuclei from two parents heterokaryotic hyphae - Nuclei fuse and undergo meiosis which produces haploid spores

25 Fungal groups have characteristic reproductive structures Key Haploid (n) Heterokaryotic (n + n) Diploid (2n) Fusion of nuclei 3 Diploid nuclei Meiosis 4 Spores released Mushroom Basidia Spores (n) 2 Growth of heterokaryotic mycelium 1 Fusion of two hyphae of different mating types 5 Germination of spores and growth of mycelia

26 Lichens consist of fungi living mutualistically with photosynthetic organisms Lichens consist of algae or cyanobacteria within a fungal network Fungal hyphae Algal cell Colorized SEM 1,000

27 Early land photosynthetic organisms Lichens- symbionts of a fungus and a photosynthetic organism either a cyanobacteria or a photosynthetic protist The photosynthetic protist or bacteria provide organic compounds which the fungus can use and the fungus provides support and protection for either the protist or the bacteria. Lichens can be found in the harshest of environments on rocks and tree bark

Copyright 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. FUNGI

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