You and plants have something in common! 1

Transcription

1 7-2 Eukaryotic Cell Structure & Function These are micrographs of cells you saw in the Cell Types Lab. One is plant (onion epithelium), the other animal (human cheek epithelium). Determine which is which and label them. What characteristics helped you decide? Cytologists divide eukaryotic cells into two major compartments, both easily visible in these light micrographs. Identify them and label them in one cell from each species. Write a definition for each compartment. You and plants have something in common! 1

2 Eukaryotic Cell Structures Plant Cell o o o o o o o o o o 2

3 Eukaryotic Cell Structures Identify the most important compound contained in the nucleus? Define it. Does it ever leave the nucleus? Nucleus Does the information leave the nucleus? How? Why? Is the information ever passed on? How? Why? Label the diagram with BOTH structure & function. Gene expression & heredity 3

4 Eukaryotic Cell Structures Ribosomes What two compounds make up ribosomes? Where in the cell are they found? What is ribosome function overall? How, more specifically? Where do they get the information of amino acid sequence? The site of protein synthesis (translation) 4

5 What are the two types of ER and their abreviations? Eukaryotic Cell Structures Endoplasmic What differentiates them structurally? Reticulum (ER) What differentiates them functionally? Where are many proteins and lipids produced by ER transported? Protein (RER) & lipid (SER) synthesis, processing & transport5

6 How is the Golgi Apparatus described? What is it's function? How does it operate? Where do the final proteins and lipids go? Draw and label an ER transport vesicle, Cis Face, Cisternae, Trans Face, Secretory Vesicle, and an arrow showing the direction of processing. Eukaryotic Cell Structures Golgi Apparatus Protein & lipid modification, sorting, packaging & shipping 6

7 What are lysosomes? Where do they come from? What compounds can they digest? Define the following: Food Vacuole Primary Lysosome Secondary Lysosome Autophagy Programed Cell Death (Apoptosis) Eukaryotic Cell Structures Lysosomes Intracellular Digestion, Autophagy & Suicide 7

8 Differentiate between vacuoles and vesicles vesicles. In the top diagram, label the organelle with the pointer line and describe its two functions. Define turgor pressure in relation to this organelle. Eukaryotic Cell Structures Vacuoles In the bottom diagram, label the organelle with the pointer line and describe its function. Define osmoregulation in relation to this organelle. What human organ system is responsible for osmoregulation? Name one other type of vacuole you encountered previously. Storage, support & water balance 8

9 Eukaryotic Cell Structures Label the following on the diagram: outer membrane, inner membrane, intermembrane space, cristae, matrix. Identify the overall process that mitochondria perform (3 words). What element is required for this process? What organic compound is the primary starting material (reactant) for this process? What organic compound is the primary product? How do cells use this product, in general? Identify the forms of energy converted in this process? Why is the inner membrane folded? What important compounds are found in the matrix? Mitochondria Aerobic Cellular Respiration 9

10 Eukaryotic Cell Structures Label the following on the diagram: outer membrane, inner membrane, thylakoid membrane, stroma. What green pigment is found in the thylakoid membrane? Identify the overall process that chloroplasts perform. What form of energy is required for this process. What inorganic compounds (reactants) are required for this process? What organic compound is the product and what form of energy does it contain? Why is the thylakoid membrane arranged into stacks of hollow disks (thylakoids)? Label one thylakoid and one granum. What important compounds are found in the stroma? Chloroplasts Photosynthesis 10

11 Eukaryotic Cell Structures What physical feature does the cytoskeleton maintain? What cellular processes involve the cytoskeleton? Differentiate between microfilaments Cell membrane and microtubules, including their; composing compound, physical characteristics, function in the cell, and locomotive structures. Cytoskeleton Endoplasmic reticulum Microtubule Microfilament Ribosomes Mitochondrion Support, transport, locomotion & cell division 11

12 Eukaryotic Cell Structures Centrioles Based on this diagram, what cytoskeletal component also makes up centrioles? In what general area are centrioles found in the cell? How many found together? What is their general function? They also function during what cellular process? Devise a mathematical equation that describes the structural arrangement of microtubules in one centriole? Microtubule organizing & cell division 12

13 Eukaryotic Cell Structures This diagram represents a chemoheterotroph. Label the diagram with BOTH structure & function. Animal Cell What characteristics and components identify this as an animal cell? (Compare and contrast plant and animal cells.) o o o o o o o o o o o o o 13

14 20-1 The Kingdom Protista List the characteristics all members of Kingdom Protista share. Protists can be classified into three major groups based on the way they obtain energy and matter (metabolism). Give the common name and mode of metabolism (Ch. 19 notes) for the following groups: Plant-like, Animal-like, Fungus-like Try to classify these example photos. 10

15 Evolution of Protists Chloroplast When did protists appear on Earth? This coincides with the evolution of what major cell type? What does this diagram represent, and what is this theory called? Refer to the diagram to describe this event. What do mitochondria and chloroplasts have common ancestry with? What evidence supports this theory?

16 20 2 Animal-like Protists: Protozoans These figures represent the 4 phyla of protozoa. What is the basis for protozoan classification? List the 4 phyla along with their mode of locomotion. Classify each example shown here.

17 Ciliates (P. Ciliophora) Identify this organism. Define cilia and explain their function in ciliate protozoa. Refer to the diagram to explain how the following function in ciliate feeding: Cilia, Oral Groove, Gullet, Phagocytosis, Food Vacuole, Lysosomes, Enzymes, Diffusion Cytoplasm, Exocytosis, Anal Pore Explain the functional difference between the Macronucleus and the Micronucleus. Paramecia live in fresh water. How does the water outside compare in tonicity to the paramecium cytosol? Which way will water diffuse? What is this called? What is the paramecium in danger of? Explain the function of the contractile vacuoles. This system works to perform what homeostatic function? The contractile vacuole is a functional analog to what organ in your body? Define/Describe and explain the function of trichocysts.

18 Ciliates (Ciliophora) What are cilia made out of and how are they arranged? (Same as flagella). Paramecium (SEM) Paramecia Conjugating Paramecium Binary Fission Cilia x-section (TEM) Paramecium Binary Fission How do ciliates reproduce, and what form of reproduction is this? How is it different than prokaryotic reproduction? What is conjugation (not prokaryotic) and when do ciliates perform it? What is the result and significance?

19 Ciliate Conjugation Macronucleus Micronucleus Refer to the diagram to describe ciliate conjugation using the terms: Paramecia, meiosis, haploid, micronucleus/micronuclei, disintegrate, mitosis, fuse, macronucleus/macronuclei. MEIOSIS How do the resulting paramecia compare genetically? Is conjugation a form of reproduction? How do you know? Disintegration & MITOSIS What is the purpose of conjugation both for the individuals and the population? Exchange of micronuclei Macronuclei disintegrate New macronuclei form Genetically identical paramecia

20 Zooflagellates (P. Zoomastigina) STD Sand Fly vector Infects skin and/or internal organs Trypanosome in blood. Tsetse Fly vector African Sleeping Sickness Define flagella and explain their function in Zooflagellate protozoa. What are flagella made out of and how are they arranged? (Same as cilia). What are the two primary differences between cilia and flagella? How do Zooflagellates reproduce? What are three diseases caused by Zooflagellates and how are they transmitted? Define vector.

21 Sarcodines include: Foraminiferans, Amoebas & Sarcodines (P. Sarcodina) Heliozoans ( sun animals ). Contractile vacuole Pseudopods Nucleus Food vacuole Identify the example organisms in these figures. Translate and define pseudopod and explain their function in Sarcodine protozoa. Describe how pseuodopodia form for amoeboid movement using the terms gel, sol, & cytoplasmic streaming. Describe how Sarcodines feed by phagocytosis. How do Sarcodines reproduce?

22 Sporozoans (P. Sporozoa) Sporozoites Sporozoites (in soil) Define non-motile and explain what this has to do with Sporozoan protozoa. Because they are non-motile, what relationship do Sporozoans have with other organisms? How do Sporozoans reproduce? Identify the Sporozoan representative in this life cycle diagram. Identify the primary host and explain how you know. What are the other hosts? Describe the primary way the organism gets into its primary host. What is congenital transmission?

23 Sporozoans (P. Sporozoa) Fertilization, - Zygotes (Only 2N) Meiosis Sporozoites Sporozoites (in saliva) Asexual Merozoites (in blood) Merozoites & Gametes Asexual Identify the Sporozoan representative in this life cycle diagram and the disease. How many people are killed by this disease worldwide? What is the vector? Identify the primary host and explain how you know. Describe the life cycle of this Sporozoan.

24 Animal-like Protists and Disease Identify the three diseases represented here. What organism causes each? In which protistan phylum does each belong? Which disease has a vector and what is it? Define waterborne illness. Which diseases are waterborne? Tsetse fly Trypanosoma brucei Note abundant large amebic trophozoites (Entamoeba histolytica) with clear bubbly cytoplasm. 40X

25 Ecology of Animal-like Protists Trichonympha Zooplankton Phytoplankton Identify the organism in the light micrographs. Into what phylum are they classified, where are they found and what do they do? Which symbiotic relationship is this an example of? Define phytoplankton. What is the role of phytoplankton in the marine food web? Which general group of protists are members of phytoplankton? Define zooplankton. What is the role of zooplankton in the marine food web? Which general group of protists are members of phytoplankton?

26 20 5 Funguslike Protists The fungus-like protists are represented by what two groups (common names)? Explain how fungus-like protists feed like true fungi. What is their ecological role? What organelle do they have that most true fungi lack? What other cellular structure do the fungus-like protists lack that true fungi have?

27 Slime Molds Amoeba-like Cells Sporangia Which group of fungus-like protists is represented by these photos? What is one characteristic of fungus-like protists that is protist-like? What is one characteristic of fungus-like protists that is fungus-like?

28 Most of the time! Cellular Slime Molds (P. Acrasiomycota) Fruiting Solitary cell body Spores Emerging amoebas Aggregated amoebas Sexual Zygote Sporangium Asexual Not (No food!) multinucleated Only 2N Fruiting body Mostly Migrating colony (Not a plasmodium) Why are Acrasiomycetes known as cellular slime molds? When do they reproduce sexually? When do they reproduce asexually? Why does this make sense? How do they know to aggregate? What is the function of spores? Differentiate these from the acellular slime molds...

29 Acellular (Plasmodial) Slime Molds (P. Myxomycota) Meiosis 1N Gametes Fertilization Mature sporangium Spores Germinating Young sporangium Zygote 2N Feeding Mature plasmodium plasmodium Multinucleated Most of the time! Why are Myxomycetes known as acellular slime molds? Describe the zygote (What does it resemble?) Define plasmodium (in this context, not malaria). Differentiate Myxomycetes from the Acrasiomycetes. Differentiate the slime molds from the water molds... Mostly

30 Antheridium (male nuclei) MEIOSIS 1N Zoosporangia Oogonium (egg cells) (female nuclei) Oocytes 1N Water Molds (P. Oomycota) FERTILIZATION Zygotes (2N) SEXUAL REPRODUCTION Flagellated Spores (2N) Spores Zoospores ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION Hypha Germination and mitosis Mycelium (2N) Mostly Why are Oomycetes known as water molds? What are some on land? What do Oomycetes have in common with true fungi? How are Oomycetes different than true fungi? Describe Oomycete asexual reproduction. Describe Oomycete sexual reproduction. Differentiate Oomycetes from the slime molds.

31 Ecology of Funguslike Protists Oomycete Slime Molds Hyphae Potato Blight Sporangium What ecological role is performed by slime & water molds? What are two plant diseases caused by land-dwelling water molds? What caused the great potato famine in the 1800s? Zoospore

32 20-3 Plantlike Protists: Unicellular & Colonial Algae (Microalgae) What do plant-like protists have in common with plants? What are they also known as? Which ones are sometimes classified as plants? What allows algae to harvest and use the energy from sunlight? What is the functional difference between chlorophylls a, b, c, and other accessory pigments? What affect does this have on the outward appearance of different algal species? List 5 characteristics used to differentiate between algal species. Identify and classify the algae shown in this colorized SEM. What is unique about them?

33 Plantlike Protists List the 4 phyla (or divisions) of unicellular algae along with their common names. Classify the algal species shown in these light micrographs. Euglena Synura Ceratium Synedra

34 Translate the phylum name and identify the structure from the diagram responsible for the name. What is its function? Euglenophytes (P. Euglenophyta) Pellicle (Paramylon) Carbohydrate Euglenids are the most animal-like of the storage bodies algaes. What metabolic characteristic do they share with animals? What algal/plant Chloroplast characteristic do euglenids lack? What do Nucleus they have instead? Contractile vacuole What do euglenids have for locomotion and how does it function? Eyespot How do euglenids store energy? How do euglenids reproduce? Gullet Flagella

35 Chrysophytes (P. Chrysophyta) & Diatoms (P. Bacillariophyta) What color are chrysophyte chloroplasts? What is pectin and what does It have to do with chrysophytes? How do chrysophytes store energy? Some are filamentous meaning they form thread-like. What substance composes the cell wall of Bacillariophytes (Diatoms)? How else would you describe their cell walls? How abundant are diatoms? What percentage of global oxygen do they produce? How do they reproduce and how often?

36 P. Dinoflagellata (Pyrophyta) Red Tide About half of dinoflagellates have what metabolic animal-like characteristic? What compound composes dinoflagellate cell walls? What do dinoflagellates have for locomotion? How do dinoflagellates reproduce? What two unique ways do dinoflagellates use to avoid being eaten? Define red tide. What can this result in?

37 Ecology of Unicellular Algae What is the importance of algae to aquatic food webs? Define phytoplankton. What percentage of global photosynthesis (productivity) is performed by phytoplankton? How might climate change affect their productivity?

38 Ecology of Unicellular Algae Red Tide Algal Bloom Oligotrophic Sewage & Runoff Eutrophic Define algal bloom. What causes them? Explain how algal blooms can deplete aquatic ecosystems of oxygen, resulting in the death of aquatic organisms.

39 20-4 Plantlike Protists: Colonial/Multicellular Algae (Macroalgae) What are the three phyla of algae that are largely multicellular? What is the primary basis for their classification? Classify each of the images shown here.

40 Red Algae (P. Rhodophyta) Which photosynthetic pigments do Rhodophyte algae have? Explain how this makes them red. What does this allow red algae to do that other algae can t? Identify each of the examples shown here, along with whether they are colonial or multicellular.

41 Brown Algae (P. Phaeophyta) Fucoxanthin Which photosynthetic pigments do Phaeophyte algae have? Explain how this makes them brown. Where do most phaeophyte algae live? Other than color, what is unique to brown algae compared to other phyla?

42 Fucus (Kelp), a common brown alga. To which phylum does this example belong? Label the diagram with the name, description and function of each part.

43 Clamydomonas Volvox Spirogyra Green Algae (P. Chlorophyta) Ulva Charophyceans are named after the stonewort, Chara. Which photosynthetic pigments do Chlorophyte algae have? Explain how this makes them green. Where do green algae live? Green algae have been shown to be most closely related to which other kingdom? What are three characteristics they share? What extant chlorophyte group is considered most closely related to plants? Label each example above as either unicellular, colonial, or multicellular. Explain the difference. Explain how multicellularity evolved in algae.

44 Reproduction in a Unicellular Green Algae The zygote grows a thick protective wall that can survive conditions that otherwise would kill it. Release of haploid cells zoospores Zygote Only 2N Fertilization Pairing of plus and minus gametes If conditions become unfavorable, Chlamydomonas can also reproduce sexually. In suitable living conditions, this haploid cell reproduces asexually, producing cells called zoospores by mitosis. Gametes Define alternation of generations. Does Chlamydomonas do this? When does Chlamydomonas reproduce sexually? Why does this make sense? In which state having to do with the number of chromosomes does Chlamydomonas spend most of its life cycle? What is the only way cells can go from a haploid to a diploid state? What is the only way cells can go from a diploid to a haploid state? What is unusual about Chlamydomonas gametes?

45 Reproduction in a Multicellular Green Algae Sporophyte Zygote Mitosis Meiosis Spores Gametes fuse Fertilization Gametes Female Mitosis gametophyte Mitosis Male gametophyte Does the Ulva life cycle show alternation of generations? Define sporophyte. Define gametophyte. What is the visual difference? What do you observe comparing Ulva spores and gametes? What do you observe comparing Ulva spores and gametes with Chlamydomonas spores and gametes? What does this suggest about the evolutionary relationship between these species of Chlorophyte algae and the evolution of multicellularity?

46 Ecology & Human Use of Algae Study the bar graph above. What metabolic process is responsible for Primary Productivity? This process also releases what gas into the atmosphere? Which type of ecosystem contributes the most to world net primary productivity? Which component of plankton are responsible for this? Which group of protists comprise this component of plankton? What percentage of global oxygen is produced by these protists? Algae is found in what foods? Chemicals derived from algae are used in what products?

47 Flowing Freshwater Ecosystems How natural is our own Cuyahoga River? 25

48 What defines standing water ecosystems? List examples. Standing Freshwater Ecosystems 26

49 Oligotrophic Cultural Eutrophication 27

50 Lake Erie (In our own back yard!) Define watershed. East Basin Middle Basin 60 ft. Avg. West Basin 24 ft. Avg. 62 ft. 210 ft. 80 ft. Avg. 82 ft. 28

51 Freshwater Wetland Ecosystems Estuary Ecosystems 29

52 Oceanic Zones 30