live organisms prepared slides. Blepharisma Euglena Paramecium caudatum Phacus Pelomyxa Amoeba proteus Actinosphaerium. Vorticella.

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Leon May
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1 *live organisms* Blepharisma Euglena Paramecium caudatum Phacus Pelomyxa Amoeba proteus Actinosphaerium Vorticella Stentor prepared slides Radiolarians Vorticella Trypanosomes Giardia Plasmodium Foramenifera Didinium

2 Classification How would you group the live protists that you observed? Blepharisma Euglena Paramecium caudatum Pelomyxa Phacus Amoeba proteus Actinosphaerium Vorticella Stentor

3 Protist Diversity movement flagella cilia pseudopods non-motile nutrition autotrophs ingestive heterotrophs absorptive heterotrophs mixotrophs Possible kingdoms animal-like plant-like fungus-like

4 Kingdom: Protists Domain Eukarya Domain Bacteria Domain Archaea Domain Eukarya Common ancestor

5 General characteristics Classification criteria eukaryotes not animal, plant or fungi That s more of what they re not & not what they are!

6 Great Diversity

7 Problems with Protist Classification Too Diverse! doesn t reflect any evolutionary relationship among all kingdom members paraphyletic Something s not right here! eukarya

cell with mitochondrion chloroplast photosynthetic bacterium

8 Theory of Endosymbiosis internal membrane system aerobic bacterium mitochondrion Ancestral eukaryotic cell Eukaryotic cell with mitochondrion chloroplast photosynthetic bacterium Eukaryotic cell with chloroplasts Paramecium & symbiont Chlorella

First Eukaryotes ~2 bya Development of internal membranes create internal micro-environments advantage: specialization = increase efficiency infolding of the plasma membrane natural

9 First Eukaryotes ~2 bya Development of internal membranes create internal micro-environments advantage: specialization = increase efficiency infolding of the plasma membrane natural selection! plasma membrane endoplasmic reticulum (ER) nuclear envelope nucleus DNA Prokaryotic cell cell wall Prokaryotic ancestor of eukaryotic cells plasma membrane Eukaryotic cell

10 1 st Endosymbiosis Evolution of eukaryotes origin of mitochondria engulfed aerobic bacteria, but did not digest them mutually beneficial relationship natural selection! internal membrane system aerobic bacterium mitochondrion Endosymbiosis Ancestral eukaryotic cell Eukaryotic cell with mitochondrion

2 nd Endosymbiosis Evolution of eukaryotes origin of chloroplasts engulfed photosynthetic bacteria, but did not digest them mutually beneficial relationship

11 2 nd Endosymbiosis Evolution of eukaryotes origin of chloroplasts engulfed photosynthetic bacteria, but did not digest them mutually beneficial relationship Eukaryotic cell with mitochondrion natural selection! photosynthetic bacterium chloroplast Endosymbiosis mitochondrion Eukaryotic cell with chloroplast & mitochondrion

DNA, like bacteria functional mitochondria & chloroplasts move freely within the

13 Theory of Endosymbiosis Evidence structural mitochondria & chloroplasts resemble bacterial structure genetic mitochondria & chloroplasts have their own circular DNA, like bacteria functional mitochondria & chloroplasts move freely within the cell mitochondria & chloroplasts reproduce independently from the cell Lynn Margulis

14 Evidence for Endosymbiotic Theory

15 Protist Diversity The full spectrum of modes of life from unicellular to multicellular autotrophic to heterotrophic asexual to sexual reproduction pathogenic to beneficial sessile to mobile

16 Mobility/Motility How Protists move flagellum cilia pseudopod

17 Protist Diversity Animal-like Protists heterotrophs, predators Amoeba Paramecium Stentor Amoeba ingesting a Paramecium Paramecium with food vacuoles stained red

18 Protist Diversity Plant-like Protists autotrophs, photosynthesis Euglena algae diatoms

19 Protist Diversity Fungi-like Protists Often brightly colored Slime Molds Myxomycota Multicellular Change form during life cycle Tend to live in damp locations The three stages are similar to that of other organisms

20 Know these! covered on later slides Protist Diversity Parasitic & pathogenic Protists malaria Giardia Trypanosomes African sleeping sickness Plasmodium Giardia Trypanosoma

Protist Diversity Beneficial & necessary

21 Protist Diversity Beneficial & necessary Protists phytoplankton small algae + diatoms much of the world s photosynthesis produces ~90% of atmospheric oxygen zooplankton heterotrophic protists + animals key ecological role at base of marine food web Mmmmmm! Sounds like breakfast!

22 Oh No! Any Questions?? Yum!

23 Classification How would you group the live protists that you observed? Blepharisma Euglena Paramecium caudatum Pelomyxa Phacus Amoeba proteus Actinosphaerium Vorticella Stentor

24 Protist Diversity movement flagella cilia pseudopods non-motile nutrition autotrophs ingestive heterotrophs absorptive heterotrophs mixotrophs Possible kingdoms animal-like plant-like fungus-like

25 movement

26 Animal-like protists Sarcodina (ameboid) - these are either free-living or have tests (shells) An amoeba Foraminifera Helizoans

27 Animal-like protists Mastigophora (flagellated) - frequently parasitic Cilliaphora (cilliates) - cilliated

28 Fungal-like protists - decomposers Slime molds have two stages in life cycle free living (amoeboid) stage plasmodial ("slug") stage are often brightly colored probably most closely related to sarcodina

29 Fungal-like protists (decomposers) Water molds - closely related to true fungi important marine decomposers Phytophthora infestans caused Irish potato famine ich, a fish-gill infestation, is also caused by a water mold

30 Plant-like protists - photosynthetic Euglenoids - flagellated, have photoreceptors, photosynthetic, autotrophic Dinoflagellates 2 flagella and a silicon test; causes red tides

31 Protist Diversity Important Roles some are autotrophs base of food chains produce over 75% Earth s O2 some are decomposers recycle of materials

Protist Diversity Reproduction http://highered.mcgrawhill.com/sites/9834092339/student_view0/c hapter10/animation_-_cell_division.

32 Protist Diversity Reproduction hapter10/animation_-_cell_division.html Asexual- binary fission Sexual- sperm + egg Conjugation- exchange genetic material w/o cell division v=vnlkvquwxs8&feature=fvwrel /383925/CH19Visualizing_Paramecia_ swf::Vi sualizing%20paramecia

status http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ig6dd3coug4&featu re=related http://www.dnatube.

33 Protist Diversity Organelles plastid structure & function (evolved from cyanobacteria) nuclear structure vacuole types (food, contractile) mitochondrial status re=related Paramecium-and-Osmosis =1&v=YGZP0ijukt8

34 Endosymbionts Some contain Endosymbionts Some are Endosymbionts in other organisms Termites contain a protist in their guts that contain prokaryotes that digest cellulose!

35 How are protists grouped? Evidence to place protists in monophyletic groups Largely based on plastids plastid-related DNA sequences structure function similarities in cell structure molecular evidence (DNA sequences)

36 5 EUKARYOTIC SUPERGROUPS Excavata Chromalveolata Rhizaria Archaeplastida Unikonta protists common eukaryotic ancestor

37 Supergroup: Chromalveolata Chromalveolata common eukaryotic ancestor

38 Supergroup: Chromalveolata Excavata Chromalveolata Rhizaria Archaeplastida Unikonta Alveolates Stramenopiles clades common eukaryotic ancestor

39 Supergroup: Chromalveolata monophyletic group: likely originated from ancient 2 endosymbiosis of red algae Includes clades: Alveolates Stramenopiles

40 Chromalveolata membrane-bound sacs (alveoli) just under c.m.

41 Clade: Alveolates Ciliates Dinoflagellates Apicomplexans

42 Ciliates contain cilia (locomotion & nutr)

43 Ciliates Nutrition Heterotrophic Ciliated oral groove for ingestion Food vacuoles fuse with lysosomes for digestion Anal pore for egestion Paramecium

44 Ciliates Paramecium Contractile Vacuole: water balance COug4&feature=player_detailpage

45 Ciliates: Reproduction Reproduction Asexual by binary fission Genetic exchange by conjugation binary fission conjugation

46 Ciliates: Reproduction Macronucleus & micronuclei Micronuclei are diploid & undergo meiosis genetic exchange by conjugation can fuse to form macronucleus Macronucleus is polyploid directs daily cell functions

47 Ciliates Stentor is trumpet-shaped

free-swimming macronucleus resembles string of beads

48 Stentor myonemes lengthwise contractile fibers actin + myosin shorten/lengthen body attached (feeding) vs. free-swimming macronucleus resembles string of beads photophobic Ciliates has photosensor called stentorin

49 Ciliates Vorticella (bell-shaped)

50 Ciliates Blepharisma photophobic pale pink or red photosensory pigments in pellicle pigment granules called blepharismins

51 Dinoflagellates

52 Dinoflagellates Producers Photosynthetic Mixotrophs (some) Flagella for locomotion

53 Dinoflagellates cause toxic Red Tide nutrient imbalance causes dinoflagellate bloom dinoflagellates produce neurotoxin kills fish accumulates in filter feeders (ex. shellfish) food supply affected (for ecosystem & us)

54 Red Tide A bioluminescent algal bloom.

not digest the zooxanthellae, live within the corals tissues mutualistic

and fluctuating environmental conditions.

55 Zooxanthellae - dinofl. that are endosymbionts in coral animals Corals engulf dinoflagellates but do not digest the zooxanthellae, live within the corals tissues mutualistic symbiosis: Corals provide dinoflagellates a refuge safe refuge from predators and fluctuating environmental conditions. The photosynthetic dinoflagellates provide the chief source of food (photosynthate or fixed carbon) for coral-building cnidarians. Individual cnidarian polyps (coral-building organisms).

56 Coral Bleaching Relationship between the zooxanthellae and the coral result in beautiful colors Coral bleaching: environmental stresses (UV, incr H2O temperature) causes zooxanthellae to leave health of coral reef in jeopardy

57 yer_detailpage

58 Apicomplexans obligate parasites of animals contains complex of organelles used to penetrate host cell non-photosynthetic, retain plastid called apicoplast likely related to red algae essential to organism potential target for anti-parasitic drugs

59 Apicomplexans Plasmodium causes malaria in humans.

60 apicomplexans life history of Plasmodium, the apicomplexan that causes malaria.

61 Terminology zoonotic infection: disease transmitted from animal to animal through a vector vector: organism that does not cause disease but transmits pathogens from one host to another

62 250 million fevers, 1 million deaths annually

66 vertebrate mosquito

67 Supergroup: Chromalveolata

68 Diatoms major producer single-celled algae produce glass-like shells or tests made of silica fossilized diatoms = diatomaceous earth filtering agents or abrasives found in toothpaste

69 Clade: Stramenopiles Actinosphaerium heliozoan no test/shell hair-like axopods supported by microtubules capture prey adhere to surfaces for movement

contain plastids related to red algae but nonphotosynthetic decomposers

70 Oomycetes fish fungus (not a fungus!) potato blight Irish potato famine (1840s) Water molds, rusts, mildews contain plastids related to red algae but nonphotosynthetic decomposers & parasites filamentous multinucleate hyphae resemble fungi cell walls contain cellulose (not related to fungi)

72 Supergroup: Excavata

73 Supergroup: Excavata monophyletic group likely originated from ancient 2 endosymbiosis many members have excavated feeding groove on one side of body subgroups Diplomonads Parasabalids Euglenozoans

75 Euglenozoans diverse group predatory heterotrophs photosynthetic autotrophs parasites spiral or crystalline rod in flagella include... Kinetoplastids Euglenids

77 Euglenozoans: Kinetoplastids members contain atypical single large mitochondrion called kinetoplast free-living & parasitic species Trypanosomes (African Sleeping Sickness) obligate parasite of humans cause disease

78 Euglenozoans: Kinetoplastids Trypanosomes cause... African sleeping sickness South American Chagas disease

79 Euglenozoans: Kinetoplastids Trypanosoma Similarities to Plasmodium... (recall, plasmodium causes malaria) complicated life cycle vector is insect cell surface proteins change every 3 weeks to avoid host immune system

system classic sleeping symptoms South American Chagas disease

80 Euglenozoans: Kinetoplastids Trypanosoma causes disease in humans. African sleeping sickness vector = tsetse fly affects nervous system classic sleeping symptoms South American Chagas disease vector = blood-sucking assassin bug over years leads to heart failure

81 Trypanosomes Life Cycle

82 Euglenezoans - Trypanosomes

83 Trypanosoma

85 Euglenozoans: Euglenids Euglena

86 Euglenozoans: Euglenids Euglena mixotroph red eyespot called stigma is light sensitive positive phototropism pellicle contractile vacuole

87 Diplomonads & Parabasalids live in anaerobic environments atypical mitochondria no aerobic cellular respiration lack plastids

88 Parabasalids Trichomonas vaginalis obligate parasite of humans causes STD

89 Diplomonads Giardia intestinalis causes hiker s diarrhea

91 Supergroup: Archaeplastida closest relatives of plants will do later in year with algae

93 Supergroup: Unikonts includes Animals, Fungi and related protists includes amoebas with lobe or tube shaped pseudopods protist clades... Amoebozoans Choanoflagellates

94 Amoebozoans include... gymnamoebas live in soil, water most ingestive heterotrophs entamoebas parasites of animals slime molds absorptive heterotrophs

95 Gymnamoebas & Entamoebas have lobe- or tube-shaped pseudopods amoeboid-like movement (actin + myosin) eat by phagocytosis some cause human disease

Gymnamoebas Amoeba proteus http://www.youtube.com/watch?

96 Gymnamoebas Amoeba proteus 7pR7TNzJ_pA&feature=player_d etailpage free living senses light & moves away

97 Amoebozoans Entamoeba histolytica anaerobic obligate parasite of humans cause of amebic dysentary

Slime molds http://www.youtube.com/watch?

98 Slime molds absorptive heterotrophs decomposers & recyclers complex life cycle may be cellular or plasmodial cellular cells feed individually but can aggregate for form fruiting body plasmodial feeding stage is multinucleate Cellular slime mold: Dictyostelium

99 Plasmodial slime mold fruiting body plasmodium stage

100

101 Choanoflagellates colonial resemble some sponge cells likely ancestral to animals

102

103

104 Oh No! Any Questions?? Yum!

105 plastids

106

Protists 9/11/2017. Endosymbiosis

Protists 9/11/2017. Endosymbiosis Protists Chapter 28 Most eukaryotes are single-celled organisms Protists are eukaryotes Eukaryotic cells have organelles and are more complex than prokaryotic cells Most protists are unicellular, but there