2014 Pearson Education, Inc. 1

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Brandon Gardner
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4.5 bya 3.5 2.5 1.5 500 mya 1.8 bya 1.5 bya 1.3 bya 1.2 bya 750 mya 635 mya 600 mya 0.5 cm 550 mya 535 mya 1 cm 20 µm (a) A 1.8-billionyear-old fossil eukaryote (b) Tappania, a 1.

2 4.5 bya mya 1.8 bya 1.5 bya 1.3 bya 1.2 bya 750 mya 635 mya 600 mya 0.5 cm 550 mya 535 mya 1 cm 20 µm (a) A 1.8-billionyear-old fossil eukaryote (b) Tappania, a 1.5-billion-year-old fossil that may represent an early alga or fungus 20 µm 25 µm 25 µm (c) Bangiomorpha, an ancient red alga (e) Bonneia, a vase-shaped eukaryote (d) Proterocladus, classified as a green alga 20 µm (f) An early member of the Ediacaran biota (g) Spriggina floundersi, an early animal with many body segments 2

3 Cytoplasm DNA Ancestral prokaryote Plasma membrane Endoplasmic reticulum Nuclear envelope Nucleus Engulfing of aerobic bacterium Engulfing of photosynthetic bacterium Ancestral heterotrophic eukaryote Mitochondrion Mitochondrion Plastid Ancestral photosynthetic eukaryote 3

4 Cyanobacterium Membranes are represented as dark lines in the cell. Red alga Secondary endosymbiosis Dinoflagellates Plastid Primary endosymbiosis Stramenopiles Nucleus Heterotrophic eukaryote One of these membranes was lost in red and green algal descendants. Secondary endosymbiosis Secondary endosymbiosis Plastid Euglenids Green alga Chlorarachniophytes 4

5 Pediastrum 5

6 Chlamydomonas Flagellum Cytoplasm Outer cell wall Inner cell wall Gonium Pandorina Volvox Outer cell wall Cytoplasm Extracellular matrix (ECM) 6

7 Individual choanoflagellate Choanoflagellates OTHER EUKARY- OTES Sponges Animals Other animals Collar cell (choanocyte) 7

8 Choanoflagellate Hydra Fruit fly CCD domain Mouse 8

Excavata 5 µm Archaeplastida 20 µm 50 µm Diplomonads Parabasalids Euglenozoans Excavata Stramenopiles Alveolates Rhiza- rians Diatoms Brown algae Dinoflagellates Apicomplexans Ciliates Forams

9 Excavata 5 µm Archaeplastida 20 µm 50 µm Diplomonads Parabasalids Euglenozoans Excavata Stramenopiles Alveolates Rhiza- rians Diatoms Brown algae Dinoflagellates Apicomplexans Ciliates Forams Cercozoans SAR clade SAR Clade 50 µm Unikonta Green algae Red algae Chlorophytes Charophytes Land plants Archaeplastida 100 µm Amoebozoans Opisthokonts Gymnamoebas Slime molds Nucleariids Fungi Choanoflagellates Animals Unikonta 100 µm 9

10 Flagella 5 µm Undulating membrane The parabasalid parasite, Trichomonas vaginalis (colorized SEM) 10

11 Flagella 0.2 µm 8 µm Euglenozoan flagellum Crystalline rod (cross section) Ring of microtubules (cross section) 11

12 9 µm Trypanosoma, the kinetoplastid that causes sleeping sickness 12

13 The diatom Triceratium morlandii (colorized SEM) 40 µm 13

14 Blade Stipe Holdfast 14

15 Flagellum Alveoli Alveolate 0.2 µm 15

16 Flagella 3 µm Pfiesteria shumwayae, a dinoflagellate 16

17 Contractile vacuole Cilia Oral groove Cell mouth 50 µm Micronucleus Macronucleus Food vacuoles 17

18 Chromatophore 5 µm 18

19 Bonnemaisonia hamifera Nori 8 mm Red algae 19

20 2 cm (a) Ulva, or sea lettuce (b) Caulerpa, an intertidal chlorophyte Multicellular chlorophytes 20

21 Fruiting bodies (n) Spores (n) Emerging amoeba (n) Solitary amoebas (feeding stage) (n) FERTILIZATION SEXUAL REPRODUCTION MEIOSIS Zygote (2n) 600 µm ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION Migrating aggregate Aggregated amoebas 200 µm Amoebas (n) Key Haploid (n) Diploid (2n) 21

22 Other consumers Herbivorous plankton Carnivorous plankton Prokaryotic producers Protistan producers 22

NP EP A NA Arctic (A) North Atlantic (NA) NI EA Equatorial Atlantic (EA) South Atlantic (SA) North Indian (NI) South Indian (SI) North Pacific (NP) Equatorial Pacific (EP)

23 NP EP A NA Arctic (A) North Atlantic (NA) NI EA Equatorial Atlantic (EA) South Atlantic (SA) North Indian (NI) South Indian (SI) North Pacific (NP) Equatorial Pacific (EP) SI S SP Sea-surface temperature (SST) change ( C) SA South Pacific (SP) Southern (S) Chlorophyll change (mg/m 2 yr) (a) (b) 23

24 10 µm 24

25 Sporozoites (n) Inside mosquito Inside human Liver Liver cell Merozoite Oocyst Apex MEIOSIS Zygote (2n) Merozoite (n) Red blood cells Red blood cell 0.5 µm FERTILIZATION Gametes Gametocytes (n) Key Haploid (n) Diploid (2n) 25

Pearson Education, Inc.

Pearson Education, Inc. 1 4.5 bya 3.5 1.5 2.5 500 mya 1.8 bya 1.5 bya 1.3 bya 1.2 bya 550 750 mya 635 mya 600 mya mya 0.5 cm 535 mya 1 cm (a) A 1.8-billionyear-old fossil (b) Tappania, a 1.5-billion-year-old fossil that may represent