Stream Classification
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1 Stream Classification Why Classify Streams? Communication Tool Describe Existing Conditions & Trends Describe Restoration Goals Research Tool Morphologic Stream Classification Systems Schumm (1977) Alluvial channels Meandering, straight, braided Type related to channel stability & sediment transport Montgomery & Buffington (1993) 3 primary classes: Alluvial, colluvial, bedrock channels Channel response related to sediment inputs 6 classes of alluvial channels: cascade, step-pool, plane-bed, riffle-pool, regime, and braided Rosgen (1994) 1
2 Rosgen Classification of Natural Rivers Based on physical characteristics (empirical) Requires field measurements Requires bankfull dimensions What factors affect stream morphology? Width Depth Slope Velocity Discharge Flow resistance Sediment size Sediment load Leopold et al (1964) 2
3 Rosgen Classification of Natural Rivers Based on: Dimension (cross-section) Pattern (plan form) Profile (bed form) Bed material (substrate) Level 1 Rosgen Classification Basic Stream characteristics that result from relief, landform, and valley morphology. 3
4 Level 2 Rosgen Classification A more detailed morphological description of stream type from field measurements of channel form and bed composition. First Determine if one channel or if multiple channels in the floodplain. 4
5 For single thread channels, then determine Entrenchment ratio Entrenchment Ratio ER = W fpa / W bkf W fpa = Width of Flood Prone Area measured at the elevation twice bankfull max depth above thalweg W bkf = Width of Bankfull Channel W fpa Bankfull 2 x d max above thalweg d max W bkf 5
6 ER = W fpa / W bkf = 63 / 15 = 4.2 Then determine Width to Depth Ratio 6
7 Riffle Dimensions W bkf Bankfull d bkf A bkf Measure Bankfull Width (W bkf ) and Bankfull Area (A bkf ) Mean Depth, d bkf = A bkf / W bkf Width to Depth Ratio, W/d = W bkf / d bkf W/d = 9.3 / 1.5 = 6.2 7
8 Then determine sinuosity Then determine slope 8
9 Surveyor s rod located at top of a series of rifflepool reaches and held at water surface; for a minimum of four locations, or three riffle-pool cycles Technical Supplement 3E (210 VI NEH, August 2007) Rosgen Stream Classification Technique Supplemental Materials Surveyor s level located on streambank near cross section 6.5 ft vertical height 400 ft distance along stream centerline In this example: Vertical height (6.5) distance (400 ft)=gradient (.016 ft/ft) Note the subclassifications at the bottom of the key. The lower case letters provide further segregation of channel class based on slope. Where: a+ = >10% a = 4-10% b = 2-3.9% c = < 2% 9
10 Finally, determine the D50 of the substrate from the Woman reach-wide pebble count. Assign the number to the stream type based on the D50 size class Bed Material (Substrate) 1. Bedrock 2. Boulder: mm 3. Cobble: mm 4. Gravel: 2 64 mm 5. Sand: mm 6. Silt/Clay: < mm 10
11 Substrate Characterization Wolman Pebble Count D50=6 mm; Fine Gravel Also, Pay attention to the adjustments allowed for parameters: Entrenchment and Sinuosity ratios can vary by +/- 0.2 units Width / Depth ratios can vary by +/- 2.0 units. 11
12 Valley Type influences channel form and function. For example, only certain channel classes can exist in a confined valley. Valley Types can be found at: cfpub.epa.gov/watertrain/moduleframe.cfm? parent_object_id=1189 Valley Type II Moderately steep, gentle sloping side slopes often in colluvial valleys From EPA Watershed Academy: Fundamentals of the Rosgen Stream Classification System Valley Types: ( moduleframe.cfm?parent_object_id=1189) Valley Type VIII Wide, gentle valley slope with well-developed floodplain adjacent to river terraces From EPA Watershed Academy: Fundamentals of the Rosgen Stream Classification System 12
13 Stream types in various landscape positions largely influenced by valley type A Streams Incised, Narrow & Deep, Steep Slope Colluvial Valley Steep Straight Deeply Entrenched Cascading Step/Pool Sequence High Energy/ Debris Transport Stability Dependent on Bed and Bank Material 13
14 A Stream Channel W fpa Bankfull d max d bkf Single Thread Channel ER = W fpa /W bkf < 1.4 W/d = W bkf /d bkf < 12 S > 0.04 ft/ft W bkf A2 Western NC 14
15 A2 Montana ER=1.4; W/d=10; S=0.050; D50=70 mm A3 Western NC 15
16 Aa+ Streams Very Steep (>0.1 ft/ft) Very Steep Very Straight Deeply Entrenched Excessively High Energy & Debris Transport Cascading Torrent Streams Waterfalls and Chutes Prevalent A1a+ Western NC A1a+ Tennessee 16
17 B Streams Moderately Incised, Wide & Shallow, Moderate Slope, Colluvial Valley Moderate Gradient Moderate Entrenchment Riffles Infrequent Pools Generally Stable Bed and Banks B Stream Channel W fpa Bankfull d max d bkf Single Thread Channel ER = W fpa /W bkf = W/d = W bkf /d bkf > 12 S = ft/ft W bkf 17
18 ER=2.2; W/d=14; S=0.035; D50=110 mm B3 Western NC B3 Western NC 18
19 ER=1.9; W/d=15; S=0.065; D50=120 mm B3a Western NC B4 Tennessee 19
20 B4c Western NC C Streams Not Incised, Wide & Shallow, Low Slope Alluvial Valley Low Gradient Meanders Point Bars Riffle/Pool Sequence Alluvial Channels Broad Floodplain 20
21 C Stream Channel W fpa Bankfull d max d bkf Single Thread Channel ER = W fpa /W bkf > 2.2 W/d = W bkf /d bkf > 12 S < 0.02 ft/ft W bkf C4 Western NC 21
22 C4 Western NC C4 Washington 22
23 C4 New Zealand ER=4.5; W/d=14; S=0.033; D50=75 mm C3b Western NC 23
24 C4 Utah E Streams Not Incised, Narrow & Deep, Low Slope Alluvial Valley Low Gradient Low Width/Depth Ratio High Meander/ Width Ratio Riffle/Pool Sequences Little Deposition Very Stable and Efficient 24
25 E Stream Channel W fpa Bankfull d max d bkf Single Thread Channel ER = W fpa /W bkf > 2.2 W/d = W bkf /d bkf < 12 S < 0.02 ft/ft W bkf E4 Western NC 25
26 E4 Central NC E4 Central NC 26
27 E4 Western NC E4 Western NC 27
28 ER=5.5; W/d=8.2; S=0.031; D50=12 mm E4b Western NC E4 Central NC 28
29 E4 Western NC E4 Western NC 29
30 Not all streams that classify as E channels will have the characteristic high sinuosity characteristic of this stream type. Many E channels have been disturbed by anthropogenic activities in the floodplain and/or the watershed, resulting in a loss of their characteristic form. Disturbance to streams can lead to a change in stream type. E5 -> G5c AL G Streams Incised Narrow & Deep Moderate Slope Moderate Gradient Deeply Entrenched GULLIES Step/Pool Low Width/Depth Ratio G=GULLY 30
31 G Stream Channel W fpa Bankfull d max d bkf Single Thread Channel ER = W fpa /W bkf < 1.4 W/d = W bkf /d bkf < 12 S = ft/ft W bkf G4 31
32 G4 G5 Headcut 32
33 G4c G4c 33
34 G4c ER=1.2; W/d=9.5; S=0.005; D50=0.5 mm G5c 34
35 G5c
36 F Streams Incised, Wide & Shallow, Low Slope Low Gradient High Width/Depth Ratio Entrenched Meanders Riffle Pool Sequence G Stream usually widen through erosion and transform into F Streams F Stream Channel W fpa Bankfull d max d bkf Single Thread Channel ER = W fpa /W bkf < 1.4 W/d = W bkf /d bkf > 12 S < 0.02 ft/ft W bkf 36
37 F1 Asheville F2 New Zealand 37
38 F2 New Zealand F3 New Zealand 38
39 F4 F4 39
40 F4 D Streams Multiple Channels, Wide & Shallow, Low Slope Low Gradient Braided Channels Longitudinal & Traverse Bars Wide Channel Eroding Banks Channels are unstable and tend to move around on the valley. These streams generally transport large loads of coarse sediment and bedload D4 Virginia 40
41 DA Streams Multiple Channels, Wide & Shallow, Low Slope Low Gradient Braided Channels Wide Channel Channels are stable and generally vegetated. Slopes are generally flatter than for the DA Channels DA Columbia River, B.C. photo: H.J.A. Berendsen D Stream Channel W fpa Bankfull d max d bkf W bkf Multiple Thread Channel ER = W fpa /W bkf > 2.2 W/d = W bkf /d bkf > 40 41
42 D4 Georgia D4 New Zealand 42
43 D4 Pennsylvania ER=5.5; W/d=32; S=0.009; D50=15 mm C4 -> D4 Western NC 43
44 C4 -> D4 Western NC ER=18; W/d=45; S=0.0002; D50=0.1 mm DA5 Florida 44
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