Do you think sediment transport is a concern?

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1 STREAM RESTORATION FRAMEWORK AND SEDIMENT TRANSPORT BASICS Pete Klingeman 1

2 What is Your Restoration Project Like? k? Do you think sediment transport is a concern? East Fork Lewis River, WA Tidal creek, Mystic Seaport, CT City park, Plymouth, MA 2

3 Typical Stream Restoration Framework Goals Actions Provide a more natural system (not just pretty) Make a positive ecological impact Remove riprap p and concrete (soften the banks) Add sinuosity and re meander straight channels Adjust stream gradients by measures used Alter widths more variable than before Add secondary channels and divided channels Remove dams 3

4 Can Goals and Actions Conflict? Streamrestoration restoration goalsusually favor a more dynamic system Channel changes are likely over time (whether e expected epectedor not; even ee if form dominates pojectdes project design) Projects may require stable boundaries at the project limits to avoid off site adverse impacts Thus, there may be conflicts between system dynamics and system stability 4

5 Why Sediment Transport Should be Considered in Restoration Design Stream hydrology and hydraulics are dynamic processes The channel is alluvial (boundaries consist of material that has been transported by flowing water) Alluvial channels experience sediment transport Restoration ti projects alter channels and channel morphology Sediment transport occurs Sediment transport can further alter channel morphology Changing channel morphology over time may not be a goal 5

6 Your Project & Sediment Transport During project work, when do you consider sediment transport analysis? During planning? Not until preliminary design? Not until final design? Only after agency project review? Never? 6

7 What Should You Know about Sediment Transport? What is sediment transport? What is moved? When? Where? How? What processes are involved? How do restoration projects alter sediment transport processes? How might sediment transport be addressed in restoration design? 7

8 What is Sediment Transport? Sediment Rock and mineral particles that have been deposited by flowing water at some time in the past Clay, silt, sand, pebbles, gravel, cobbles, boulders Sediment transport Movement of rock + mineral particles by flowing water Types of sediment transport Suspended load carried suspended within the flow Bed load rolling, sliding, bouncing along the bed due to flow shear stresses (push and drag) 8

9 Descriptions of Sediment Transport Available sediment = Total sediment supply Moved sediment = Total sediment load Description by source area: Bed material load + Wash load Description by mechanics of movement: Traction (contact) load + Saltation load + Suspended load Description by type of measuring device: Bed load + Suspended load Description by ability to measure: Unmeasured load + Measured load 9

10 Flowing Water and Sediment Transport Flow strength determines when, where, and how sediment transport occurs Flowstrength depends upon stream hydrology and channel hydraulics Stream hydrology discharge (Q) and its variability over time Channel hydraulics water velocity (V), water depth (Y), and water 3 D flow patterns within the channel Routine hydrologic events vs. rare hydrologic events make a difference in sediment transport response Common ranges of flows differ from very large floods or severe droughts 10

11 Sediment Transport Features for Large Particles (coarse sand, gravel, cobbles, small boulders) At small flows, the particles remain at rest At some larger flow, some particles begin to move intermittently (incipient motion) At still larger flows, most particles move much of the time At the largest typical flows, almost all particles move (either in a stop and go manner or by continuous motion) 11

12 Sediment Transport Features for Small Particles ( Fines = clay, silt, small sand) At the smallest flows, the water may be completely clear At small flows, some small particles may be transported if they are available. These contribute to the background turbidity of the water. As flows increase, more of the channel is inundated and more particles are available for transport As flows further increase, more new sources of fines are available, while earlier sources may become depleted 12

13 Water Flow and Gravel Transport 2 Vertical scales: Water Discharge Bed Load Rate Same Q but different Qsed Notes on bed material sizes: Size gradation of bed load varies over time At large water discharges, the size gradations of bed material and bed load may match At smaller water discharges the bed load will be smaller in size than the bed Q for Incipient Motion At which Qsed ~0 Time, hours 13

14 Basic Definitions For Sediment Transport Processes Local scour local detachment and removal of particles General erosion general detachment andremovalof of particles Local deposition local settling in place on the bed General ld deposition general settling in place on the bed bd Sedimentation settling to the bottom of a fluid Bed aggradation raising of bd bed elevation over time Bed degradation lowering of bed elevation over time 14

15 Sediment Transport is 3 Dimensional, due to plan form form, bed, and bank features Stream corridors have 3 D channels with 3 D flow and sediment transport Meandering channels are 3 D and have 3 D flow and sediment transport Even straight channels with constant slopes have 3 D flow and sediment transport View downstream, Calapooia River near Holly 15

16 Stream Sediment Sediment Dynamics 1 (Sediment transport) Sediment movement, accumulation, and loss Flowing water All are linked, Basin and channel in channel with significant morphologic features (hydrology & feedback & interplay (geology & hydraulics) geomorphology) Large debris movement, Accumulation and loss (vegetation) 16

17 Stream Sediment Sediment Dynamics 2 Water discharge is variable (from floods to droughts) Processes controlled by water discharge are transient: Channel erosion, Sediment transport, Sediment deposition Debris movement Channels respond variably to streamflow events: Immediate response e.g., Bank collapse Progressive response e.g., Bank erosion or bar growth Delayed response e.g., Channel cutoff (may occur during next flood season or may only occur years later) Manyresponses overlap Thus, rivers make a variety of adjustments over time Short-term adjustments Long-term adjustments 17

18 Important Information Needed for Sediment Transport Studies Stream hydrology and hydraulics Channel morphology (3 D description) Sediment source areas, sink areas, throughput zones Influences of sediment transport modes (bed load; suspended load) on system Spatial variability of bed composition (lateral + vertical) Structural influences (human; vegetation, geology) 18

19 Organizing g a Sediment Transport Study Scope study objectives Scale level of sophistication expected or required Features available methods and technology Approach qualitative, quantitative, mixed qual./quant. Data acquisition field program and laboratory program Inputs channel and reach properties Inputs sediment properties Outputs needed results and desired formats Interpretations uses and applications of study results 19

20 Qualitative Assessment Tools for Sediment Transport What if some key parameter may change? Lane type balance and stream power Where is sediment coming from and going to? Schumm type source throughput sink When is sediment able to come and go? Einstein type double condition Where is the sediment moving? 3 D flow field analysis 20

21 Lane Type Balance and Stream Power Qualitative Assessment Lane devised a qualitative relation of sediment transport to key parameters for a stream in dynamic equilibrium His relation involves a balance among streamflow channel sediment bed particle slope transport size rate Q water x S channel ~ Q sediment x D 50 particle Lane s balance has a direct relation to stream power Q s D 50 ~ Q w S ~ Stream Power This approach is limited. It is useful to find cause effect relations. To maintain balance when one parameter changes, one or more others must respond (Qwater)(Schannel) (Qsediment)(D50particle) 21

22 Schumm Type Source Thoughput Sink Qualitative Assessment (Stanley Schumm) Consider three zones as parts of an analysis: 1. The source areas zones where sediment material originates in reach and beyond (channel, banks, watershed) 2. The channel through flow areas zones and routes where sediment is transported (watershed and channel waterways) 3. The deposition areas zones where sediment stops moving in reach and beyond (bed, bars, banks, overbank) 22

23 Einstein Type Double Condition Qualitative Assessment (Hans A. Einstein) Double condition analysis for sediment transport to occur past some point or reach, must have: 1. Sediment availability There must be sediment available for transport by the flow (from somewhere upstream of the point or reach of interest) 2. Flow capability Notes: The flow must be capable of moving the available sediment (through the channel past the point or reach of interest) 1. With sediment available but flow not capable of moving it, have rest condition 2. With sufficient sediment available and adequate flow capability, have transport at capacity (transport formulas usable) 3. With undersupply of sediment compared to flow capability, have limited transport 23

24 3 Dimensional Flow FieldField Qualitative Assessment Measure or estimate the following: with data, sketches, photos Surface flow field field pattern 2 D description using shortstraightsurfacestraight surface velocity vectors Vector lengths represent velocity magnitudes Eddies and backwaters 2 D description using curved velocity vectors Lengths of curves indicate eddy strength Causes for surface patterns Significant bank and bed features (sweeping trees, bedrock outcrops) Depth estimations Relative depths, shallows, pools Subsurface near bed flow behavior estimates Directions in which currents may move sediment 24

25 Illustration for Qualitative Assessment Brownsville Dam removal, Cl Calapooia River 25

26 Quantitative Assessment Tools for Sediment Transport Hydrologic analyses streamflows Channel flow hydraulics stages, discharges, water velocities, water depths, channel gradients Channel geomorphic features plan form (map view) aspects, bars, bed forms, hydraulic geometry Channel bed materials and bank materials inorganic, vegetation Incipient motion analysis for bed material Specific computation features for large or small particles Formulas and computer programs Sdi Sediment mass bl balance and continuity it analysis 26

27 Computation o Features es for Large agesed Sediment e Equations tend to be process based, not statistical Equations equate rate of scour to rate of deposition (i.e., equilibrium transport rate) For steady water Q, sediment transport is assumed steady If water Q changes, a new transport equilibrium is assumed Thus, the sediment transport rate depends on water Q; sediment transport increases with increasing water discharge Flow capability and sediment availability are matched 27

28 Computation Features for Small Sediment Particles are small enough that flow capability is usually not a concern flows are almost always capable of moving particles Sediment availability is the critical factor Thus, transport equations are mainly statistical, rather than physics based, and sediment transport depends on watershed conditions and particle availability Note: this is why many studies of suspended sediment are based on paired watersheds or on pre impact versus post impact (before after) comparisons 28

29 Nature of Sediment Transport Formulas and Computer Programs Basic Format: Q sediment transport ~ (some key parameter) Q sediment transport ~ [(key parameter) (critical value of that parameter)] Key parameters may be: Water discharge Average water velocity River energyslope Boundary shear stress imposed by the flow Stream power 29

30 We can talk more about this during the panel discussion 30

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