(3) Sediment Movement Classes of sediment transported

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1 (3) Sediment Movement Classes of sediment transported Dissolved load Suspended (and wash load ) Important for scouring algae Bedload (5-10% total load Moves along bed during floods Source of crushing for benthic organisms, fish eggs, etc. Big Thompson Flood (1978)

2 Graded stream -- current sediment supply and transport) regimes are in balance Aggradation Sediment supply > transport Channel aggrades Degradation Sediment transport > supply Channel degrades velocity (shear stress) that is sufficient to move the particles on the bed (varies with particle size and mass) Ability of streamflow to move particle as bedload (for a given Q) Q x Slope: How does competence change with slope for same Q?

3 Hjulstrom curve (Fig.3.8, Allan text) Erosion, Transport and Sedimentation for individual particles Erosion à When critical erosion velocity exceeded (compare sand to gravel) Why is sand the most erodible? Small size, low cohesion Why is clay least erodible? Very high cohesion Transport à Continued movement once eroded if current velocity > fall velocity for particle Why is clay most transportable? Sedimentation Small size once suspended à Current elocity drops below fall velocity suspended Bed load (larger particles) Thought question: How can some particles continue to be transported when average velocity < fall velocity?

4 Streambeds are well sorted Distribution of particle sizes reflects hydraulic conditions coarse grains in faster flowing areas (erosional) finer grains in slow-flowing areas (depositional) Sorting occurs in different spatial dimensions: longitudinally (e.g., pool-riffle) laterally (thalweg to shore) Sorting reflects a erosional and depositional processes across a range of flows (Hjulstrom curve) Coarse sediments sorted by flood flows Finer sediments sorted by less than flood flows

5 Movement of streambed during high flows maintains channel form What determines bed mobility? Sediment size (Hjulstrom curve) Shear stress acting on streambed particles Recall for a particle on the streambed: -- Shear stress, τ ~ ΔU/Δy The critical shear stress (τ cr ) is that force that initiates incipient motion of a particle(s) on the streambed

6 τ cr = critical shear stress Function of: - grain packing - gravity constant - particle density - fluid density - particle diameter - drag and lift forces Virtually impossible to apply to a single particle in a mixed particle streambed! What s alternative? Use average mobility of a larger area of the streambed. - often calculated for the REACH scale. Knighton 1998

7 Usually we re interested in whole streambed mobility Focus on the population of particles in a reach, and estimate the average shear stress acting on the bed and see whether it is sufficient to move the average particle size (median or D 50 ): τ = ρgrs Above equation simplifies to τ DS, so, shear stress acting on streambed is Directly proportional to Mean Depth Channel Slope (or gradient) As shear stress increases, what happens to stream competence? What determines how depth and slope change with increasing Q? ΔDepth: depends on channel constraint ΔSlope: depends on channel bedform

8 ΔDepth: depends on channel constraint (Fig Knighton) Constrained channel Depth increases rapidly with Q energy doesn t dissipate laterally Unconstrained channel (e.g., with floodplain) Depth increases to fill channel Higher flows spill onto floodplain (energy dissipated laterally) For same Q and slope, which channel type has greatest competence?

9 ΔSlope: depends on channel bedform (e.g., riffle v. pool) Which has greater shear stress at LOW FLOW? (Fig. 1.12) Hint: Think about depth and slope and velocity profile! Riffle at low flow has shallow depth but high velocity and steep slope. Pool has greater depth, but slope is very low.

10 ΔSlope: depends on channel bedform (e.g., riffle v. pool) Which has greater shear stress at LOW FLOW? (Fig. 1.12) Hint: Think about depth and slope and velocity profile! Riffle at low flow has high velocity, high slope, thus greater shear stress Pool has greater depth, but slope is flat What about during HIGH FLOW? Depth? Velocity? Slope? Shear Stress?

11 Sediment transport in riffles vs. pools At low flow, pools are depositional At flood flow, pools are erosional coarse grains move through pools, deposit at head of riffles as flood recedes Next question: When does sediment move? What flow levels are responsible for transporting sediment and maintaining the channel form that we observe?

12 Bankfull discharge (Q bkf ) (important!) Fills the channel and does work on boundaries. The Q bkf maintains the channel form we observe. The "Dominant discharge (Q d ) is the flow level that moves the greatest total volume of sediment. There is a Q d for both suspended load and bedload. Q bkf and Q d are often the same for suspended load, but not generally for bedload. * The Q d is determined by how large the magnitude of the flow AND the frequency with which it occurs.

13 Frequency-Magnitude Concept Q bkf a channel forming flow Bankfull discharge occurs on average once in 2-3 years and moves most suspended sediment, maintaining channel. The discharge level that moves most bedload occurs every years, depending on channel type Applies best to gravel-cobble rivers with floodplains Suspended sediment load Freq. of Q Bedload Occurs every yr

14 Otter Creek in Vermont Record of annual peak flows Last few years not high annual peaks 2 easy ways to calculate Q bkf (1 in 2 year peak): 1) Graph observed annual peak flows on probability plot and find flow with p = 0.5 Annual Maximum Discharge (ft 3 / s) Probability of Occurence ) Assume peak flows have a logarithmic distribution. Convert values to log scale and find average value, which has a 50% chance of occurring in a given year. Mean of Log e peak flows = 8.56 e 8.56 = 5,251 cfs = BFQ

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