E2993 v4. Background on Natural Disaster. Environmental Assessment (EA) Viet Nam Managing Natural Hazards Project (VN-Haz/WB5) ANNEX 4

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1 Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized Environmental Assessment (EA) ANNEX 4 Background on Natural Disaster 1. This annex presents key information regarding the natural disaster situation and response capacity in the Project river basins (Ma, Ca, Ha Vang-Rac, Gianh-Nhat Le, Thach Han, Vu Gia - Thu Bon, Tra Khuc - Ve-Tra Bong, Kone, and Dinh). This information was used during the assessment of the potential impacts. A4.1 Natural Disaster Situation and Response Capacity in Ma River Basin A4.1.1 Natural disasters and losses E2993 v4 2. Ma river basin in Thanh Hoa province lies in the North Central region with complex climate, hydrographic and typographic characteristics. This area often suffers from most of the different types of disasters in Vietnam at greater frequency and severity, including: storms, tropical low pressure, floods, droughts, cyclones, thunderstorms, soil erosion, river bank erosion, coastal erosion, forest fires, salinity intrusion, flood-tides, etc., of which the most severe are storms, tropical low pressure and floods. Storms often occur in the coastal lowland area, and floods occur mainly in lowland districts and the mountainous areas. According to statistical data, Thanh Hoa was under direct influence of more than 100 storms and tropical low pressure in the past 52 years from 1955 to 2007, including 36 years when the storms hit the province directly. On average, each year the province is hit or directly influenced by 2.4 storms, with wind forces ranging from level 8 to level 11, 12. Moreover, based on statistical data of the floods during 42 years on some rivers within Ma river basin, storms of threat level 3 or higher occurred on Chu river in 12 years, on Ma river in 10 years, and on Buoi river in 20 years. Flood duration ranges from 7 to 10 days, with rapid onset and withdrawal. 3. In history, there have been 45 breaches of dikes along large rivers, and 13 breaches of dikes along small rivers. Big storms and floods happened in 1927, 1944, 1962, 1973, 1980, 1996, and most recently, 2005 and In 2005, Thanh Hoa was hit successively by 4 storms and 5 floods along the river sides and 1 flash flood in Quan Hoa district, which seriously damaged areas of the province. Among these, two storms numbered 6 and 7 consecutively hit Thanh Hoa from 19 September to 27 September 2005, with wind forces rising up to level 11 and higher, coupled with heavy and very heavy rain. In 2007, due to influences of the eyewall of storm no. 5, heavy rain and flood was formed, an exceptional big combination of floods occurred on all of the rivers, causing overflow and breach of many river dikes, leading to severe damage, estimated at approximately 1,100 billion VND. 4. Storms and floods have caused severe human losses and property damage for the people in Thanh Hoa. In addition, they also cause a lot of difficulties regarding accommodations, sanitation, epidemic risks for local people and thousands of rice fields have been intruded by sea water, which will cost a lot of money and efforts to restore and improve. 5. Statistical data within the past 14 years shows that a total of 324 deaths and damage estimated at 4,500 billion dong was caused by the floods and storms. (2010 and 2011 data are not available). 1

2 Figure A4.1. Economic loss due to natural disasters in Ma river basin, A4.1.2 Response capacity Institutional arrangement Figure A4.2. Human loss due to natural disasters in Ma river basin, To respond to natural disasters of complex and unpredictable trends, and ensure aligned implementation of flood and storm prevention and response and search and rescue and disaster mitigation throughout the state administration system, Thanh Hoa province has set up provincial Committee for Flood and Storm Control (PCFSC) and Committee for Search and Rescue (PCSR) in charge of supporting Provincial People s Committee (PPC) in managing and coordinating with relevant units to carry out its state administration function in this area. 7. The PCSFC has 27 members, including the PPC chairman as head of the Committee, PPC vice chairman as the vice head of the Standing committee; the PCSR consists of 9 members with the PPC vice chairman as the head of the committee and representatives of key provincial departments and agencies as members. These committees are responsible for providing concrete guidance to lower levels, examining and revising all FSC & SR plans to finalize the plans, ensuring feasibility and mobilizing human forces, supplies and materials and equipments for FSC & SR activities. In addition, CFSC and CSR are also set up at different local departments and agencies which are all under the management of PPC and PCSFC. Each key work such as reservoir, dike, etc. also has their own CFSC. The Search & Rescue main forces include units such as provincial Military headquarters, Defense headquarters, Police, Red Cross. The action plan is always 2

3 divided into 3 key activities: Preparation before flood season, response to storms and floods, and postdisaster recovery activities. Infrastructure and equipment 8. Currently, key DRM infrastructure of Thanh Hoa includes: irrigation works, hydropower plants, reservoirs, pumping stations, dams, river revetments, coastal revetments, anchorages for avoiding storms, fish berths, hydrometeorological stations, weather forecast information network. 9. There are more than 800 reservoirs and dams of different sizes in the whole river basin, including 24 national and provincial important reservoirs, 3,000km of canals, 1,008km of river and coastal revetments, 881 sluices and 181 work protection embankments. There are 3 ship anchorages for avoiding storms: Lach Hoi, Lach Truong and Lach Bang. There are 7 hydrometeorological and environmental stations, specialized in monitoring and measuring climate and meteorological elements. There are 16 gauging stations specialized in measuring water level, flow rate, rainfall, water temperature and suspended water quality. There are 14 rain gauges located in the community for measuring rainfall in areas without basic hydrometeorological stations. A4.2 Natural Disaster Situation and Response Capacity in CA River Basin A4.2.1 Natural disasters and losses 10. Ca river basin often suffers from different types of natural disasters characterized for the Central Coast such as: Storms, tropical low pressure, floods, droughts, cyclones, thunderstorms, landslides, river bank erosion and coastal erosion, forests fires, salinity intrusion, flood tides, ect., of which the most severe are storms, tropical low pressure and floods. Storms often occur in the coastal lowland area, and floods occur mainly in lowland districts and the mountainous areas. According to statistical data from 1990 to 2010, Ca river basin was directly hit by 34 storms. On average, each year the province was hit by storms, with wind forces ranging from level 9, 10 to level 12. Storms often occur in Ca river basin from late September, October and early November. The highest wind speed monitored was 25 m/s in Tuong Duong in northwest direction (1975), 20 m/s in Quy Chau in northwest direction (1973), 28 m/s in Do Luong in east-northeast direction (1965). Regarding floods, in 21 years, there were 29 significant floods causing serious human and property losses, monitoring figures in the last 40 years show that big floods happened on the main flow of Ca river in 1954, 1963, 1973, 1978, 1988, 2007, 2010, big flood occurs in every 9-10 years. In several years, big floods resulted in dike breaches such as in 1954, 1978, 1988 and Especially, the flood in 1954 caused a large number of dike breaches (from Nam Dan to the sea) and floodwater overflew the fields in 16 consecutive days. The total loss in 21 years from 1990 to 2010 is estimated at over 3,300 billion VND. Figure A4.3: Number of Storms Occurred in Ca river basin from

4 11. In 2007, there were 7 storms active in the South China Sea, 4 storms hitting Vietnam, including 2 storms directly affected Nghe An no.2 and no. 5 storms. The storms caused heavy rains and floods on the rivers, the rainfall measured was 619.2mm in Ha Tinh city, 666.2mm in Kỳ Anh, 563.6mm in Vũ Quang, 646 mm in Linh Cảm, and 1,153mm in Hương Khê. The floodwater level measured in Chu Le (Ngan Sau river) was 16.93mm, 0.71mm higher than that in 1996 which was 3.13 m exceeding Threat level III. Storms and floods in 2007 caused severe losses to the people in the area, total casualties reached 38, and the total estimated loss was nearly 900 billion VND. 12. In 2010, the Storm no. 3 caused heavy rains, the common rainfall measured in Nghe An was from 100 to 300mm, even higher in some places such as Vinh (406mm); cửa Hội (357mm); Do Luong (302mm); Nam Dan (355 mm). Moreover, in each year, many big floods also occur on the rivers, causing significant losses. The total damage caused by floods and storms in 2010 was estimated at more than 2,700 billion. Figure A4.4: Human losses due to Floods and Storms in Ca river basin from Looking at the two figures above, it can be concluded that the losses caused by natural disasters are increasing in the recent years. The worst was in 2010, total loss was estimated at 2,920 billion dong. Complex and unpredictable climate trends, the fact that the infrastructure and warning systems haven t meet the standards, and the regional economic development may be one of the reasons for the increased losses. 4

5 A4.2.2 Response capacity Institutional arrangement 14. A big part of Ca river basin in Vietnam s territory lies within Nghe An and Ha Tinh provinces. Like Ma river basin, there are CFSC and CSR from provincial to local level with close collaboration to carry out disaster prevention and control activities. In addition, there are units directly dealing with search and rescue activities such as provincial Military headquarters, Defense headquarters, Police, Red Cross. 15. The action plan is always divided into 3 key activities: Preparation before flood season, response to storms and floods, and post-disaster recovery activities. Infrastructure and equipments 16. Nghe An has constructed 1,214 reservoirs of different sizes, for example: Vuc Mau (capacity: 62.5 million m 3 ), Ve Rung (18.6 million m 3 ), Khe Da (15.4 million m 3 ), Ban Ve (2,690 million m 3 ); 427 dams in the mountainous areas; 810 pumping stations; 586.6km of river, in-field and coastal embankments. 17. In the Ca river basin, there are 17 meteorological stations and 11 gauging stations for monitoring elements such as rainfall, evaporation, temperature, flood, etc. which were set up before 1957, of which some stations have stopped functioning. A4.3 Natural Disaster Situation Ha Vang River and Rac River Basin (Ha Tinh) 18. The basin, located in Ha Tinh area, greatly suffers from rainstorm each year. Particularly, in the recent years, the rainstorm situation tends to grow both in degree and intensity. Noticeably, the historical flood in the year 2010, occurs from 14/10/2010 to 19/10/2010, has caused severe damage regarding human and property for the local people. The rainfall measured in Chu Le station (Huong Son) is 1032 mm, Son Diem station (Huong Son) is 672 mm, Rac river is 886 mm. Widespread and heavy rain on large scale has resulted in water level in rivers rising quickly and exceeding the III alarm level. Floods following floods had inundated 182 communes of the whole 12 districts and city of Ha Tinh, the provincial roads and national highways were submerged in water. The flood has killed 51 people, injured 175 people; 396 houses were collapsed; 5,754 houses roofs were blown off; 151,003 houses were deeply flooded in water; 23,000 ha of annual plant, forestry, fruit trees and aquaculture area were flooded away and damaged. Moreover, there were a large amount of animals, roads, schools, health stations, etc badly damaged. Total losses were estimated at 6374 billion dong. 19. Every year, the Ha Vang Rac river basin is affected by various natural disasters such as rain, storms, inundation, flash floods, landslides in the mountainous districts, and inundation and salinity intrusion in the coastal lowlands. Ha Tinh has 32 dike systems in total, with a total length of 316km, including 01level II main dike system (La Giang dike, 19.2km long) and 31 level IV and level V river embankments (297km long). In general, the dike system is still of small scale, with low elevation and limited flood and storm prevention capacity. Regarding reservoirs and dams, there are 345 ones in total with the total capacity of 762 million m3 and 48 weirs. Most of the reservoirs and dams were built from 1980 or earlier, therefore most of them have been degraded. During the past years, the GoV and international organizations have taken steps to invest in repairing and upgrading the system. However, due to limited funding, the investment hasn t been completed and a lot of the works are still under dysfunctional and seriously degraded conditions, which pose a lot of threats of breakdown during flood events. Table A4.1: Damage by rainstorm to Ha Tinh from Category Dead Lost Injured Damage (Billion dong)

6 A4.4 Natural Disaster Situation in Gianh and Nhat Le River Basins (Quang Binh) 20. Quang Binh is the narrowest part of Vietnam. Quang Binh often suffers from most of the different types of disasters in Vietnam at greater frequency and severity, including: storms, low tropical pressures, floods, flash floods, river bank and coastal erosion, droughts, sand bearing winds, damaging cold weather, cyclones, thunderstorms, landslides, land depression, salinity intrusion, flood-tides, etc., of which the most severe are storms, floods, cyclones, landslides, river bank and coastal erosion, sand-bearing winds. Storms often occur in the coastal lowland area, and floods occur mainly in lowland districts and the mountainous areas. Each year, it suffers from heavy rainstorms. Due to its terrain, floods, especially flash floods, often cause serious damage to the mountainous area and midlands. The cause of floods and flash floods is the terrain, the West is the western slope of the Truong Son mountain, it usually receive heavy rain when the rainstorms hit the Central region. The period of time for gathering flood is short, the slope of the basin is large and many watersheds are cut down not following planning are the major reasons of the severe floods and flash floods. 21. Cold air combined with other forms of weather has caused heavy rains and unusually heavy rain, like the history flood in November and December of The flood in early November of 1999 was caused by cold air combined with the very high intensity activity of the inter-tropical convergence zone with shaft passing through the South from1st to 4th of November and tropical depression hitting the south central region in the dusk of November 5th. This has brought about a particularly large and widespread flood from Quang Binh, Quang Tri to Khanh Hoa, the common rainfall was from 500 mm to over 2,000 mm with Rain Center in Hue (2,288 mm) and A Luoi (2,270 mm). Historical floods occurred in the downstream of Huong river, Gianh river, Thach Han river and some other rivers in the region. 22. The climate is divided into two separate seasons, the dry season from March to August, and the rainy season from September to March, the highest rainfall occurs in September, October and November. Floods and storms often occur from September to mid-december every year, with the highest concentration in October and November. During storm events, tropical low pressures combined with heavy rain and raised flood tides cause inundation in the lowland areas and flash floods in the highland areas. Other forms of natural disasters such as May rain floods (causing inundation) occur from April to June every year; while cyclones, thunderstorms and freezing rains occur year-round. 23. Since 1989, Quang Binh has suffered a lot of human losses and property damage caused by storms and floods, which seriously affected the socio-economic development and stabilization of the lives of the residents in the whole province. Since 1999, the highest estimated damage caused by floods and storms in the different districts follow the following order: Districts of Le Thuy, Quang Ninh, Quang Trach, Bo Trach, Tuyen Hoa, Minh Hoa, and Dong Hoi city. However, in the past two years, the district with the highest damage were Tuyen Hoa and Minh Hoa districts, caused by flash floods and river bank erosion. The flood season in Quang Binh begins in July and ends in November, with the highest concentration in September and October. According to statistical data from 1989 to 2008, there were 13 storms directly hitting Quang Binh which makes up an average number of 0.7 storm/year. There may be no floods in some certain years, while 2-3 storms can occur in one year at other times. The most serious storms are those causing cyclones and gusts combined with prolonged heavy rain (2-5 days), resulting in serious inundations. The amount of rainfall caused by storms and low tropical pressures makes of 40 50% of the total rainfall in September and October. The amount of rainfall caused by a storm is about mm. According to the statistics in the past 10 years ( ), the province were under direct effect of 8 storms and 36 low tropical pressures (04 ones/year on average) which interrupted social activities and cause considerable losses to human lives and properties of the people and the Government. In the recent years, the storms tend to increase in quantity and intensity, the severity is increasing and becoming more difficult to predict. 6

7 Table A4.2: Damage to Gianh river basin from Category Dead Flooded area of paddy Damage (Billion VND) A4.5 Natural Disaster Situation in Thach Han River Basin (Quang Tri) 24. Quang Tri Province is characterized by complex climate. It is affected by most of the types of common natural disasters occurring in Vietnam. Over the past years, Quang Tri has suffered from natural disasters and rainstorms with higher frequency and intensity. 25. According to statistics, in the recent 98 years, there has been 75 storms hitting the area of Binh Tri Thien, an average of 0.8 hurricanes/year directly affected to Quang Tri, there was no storms in some years, but there were sometimes 2-3 consecutive storms directly hitting the area. The rate of rain caused by storms and tropical depression amounts to 40-50% of the total rainfall in the months from July to October. The rainfall caused by a storm normally ranges from about mm, sometimes, it amounts to 1,000 mm. Some storms and tropical depression continuously hit the Central region frequently caused particularly large floods on the river banks, such as floods in November 1964, September 1978, November 1987, November 1995, November 1996, November 1998, November and December 1999, etc. The total rainfall of these rains varied from a few hundred mm to more than 1000 mm and might reach 1,500-2,000 mm in the rain center. Cold air combined with other forms of weather has caused heavy rains and unusually heavy rain like the historical flood in November and December Table A4.3: Damage to Thach Han river basin from Category Dead Flooded area of paddy Damage (billion VND) A4.6 Natural Disaster Situation and Response Capacity in Vu Gia - Thu Bon River Basin A4.6.1 Natural disasters and losses 26. Influenced by geographic locations, typographic and geomorphologic features and global climate change, the natural disaster situation in Vu Gia Thu Bon river basin follows complex trends and tends to increase in quantity and severity. This area often suffers from storms, tropical low pressure, floods, droughts, cyclones, thunderstorms, soil erosion, salinity intrusion, etc, of which the most dangerous and damaging are storms and floods. 27. Storms and tropical low pressures often occur from May to July, and most frequently in October and November. Storms and tropical low pressures in this area often coupled with cyclones and heavy rains, thus often cause floods. Data shows that in the South China Sea, from 1997 to 2009, 174 storms and tropical low pressures occurred, of which 26 storms and 12 tropical low pressures affected the Vu Gia Thu Bon river basin. Especially, the Storm no. 6 (2006), internationally called Sang Sane, and the storm no. 9 (2009), internationally called Ketsana, directly hit Quang Nam provinces, causing severe human and property losses. 7

8 28. Floods often occur from September to November every year. There are 3 forms of weather that cause floods in the area, including storms, tropical low pressure, Northeast monsoon winds and tropical convergence. Some significant floods occurred in 1964, 1999, 2007, and According to the overall report of Quang Nam and Danang city CFSCs, from 1997 to 2009, natural disasters in Vu Gia - Thu Bon river basin caused 765 deaths, 63 missing and 2403 injured, the total property damage was estimated to be over 18,000 billion dong. 30. Monitoring results from shows that human and economic losses in large-scale floods and storms were quite similar through the years, with very high losses in years from 2006 to The reason was in these years, the storms directly hit Quang Nam province and Da Nang city in the middle of their development process, causing serious losses. Figure A4.6: Human loss due to Floods and Storms in Vu Gia - Thu Bon river basin from Figure A4.7: Property loss due to Floods and Storms in Vu Gia - Thu Bon river basin from

9 A4.6.2 Response capacity Institutional arrangement 31. Most of the river basin area is within Quang Nam province and Da Nang city territory. There are CFSC and CSR from provincial to local level with close collaboration to carry out disaster prevention and control activities. In addition, there are units directly dealing with search and rescue activities such as provincial Military headquarters, Defense headquarters, Police, Red Cross. The action plan is always divided into 3 key activities: Preparation before flood season, response to storms and floods, and post-disaster recovery activities. Infrastructure and equipments 32. Currently, key DRM infrastructure of Quang Nam province and Da Nang city includes: irrigation works, hydropower plants, reservoirs, pumping stations, dams, river revetments, coastal revetments, anchorages for avoiding storms, fish ports, hydrometeorological stations, weather forecast information network. At the present, a lot of reservoirs have been built in Thu Bon river basin. Reservoirs with capacity of more than 10 million m 3 include: Dong Nghe (17.2 million m 3 ), Hòa Trung (10 million m 3 ), Phu Ninh (344 million m 3 ), Khe Tan (30 million m 3 ), Vinh Trinh (19.3 million m 3 ), A Vương (266.5 million m 3 ), Đa Mi 4 (152 million m 3 ) and Song Tranh 2 (212.3 million m 3 ). A number of anchorages have been built such as Cu Lao Cham (Quang Nam), Hong Trieu (Quang Nam), and Tho Quang (Da Nang). In the river basin, there are 2 meteorological stations: one representing for lowland areas (Da Nang station) and one representing for the mountainous areas (Tra My station) and 18 rain gauge stations. Along the Vu Gia Thu Bon river system, there are 8 gauging stations, including 2 stations measuring flow rate and water level, 2 stations measuring water level in the midstream of Thu Bon river and Vu Gia river, and 4 stations measuring water level in the downstream area under tidal effects. A4.7 Natural disaster situation and response capacity for Tra Khuc -Ve-Tra Bong River Basin A4.7.1 Natural disasters and losses 33. Influenced by geographic locations, typographic features and complicated climate and weather changes, the natural disaster situation in Vu Gia Thu Bon river basin follows complex trends and tends to increase in quantity and severity. This area often suffers from storms, tropical low pressure, floods, river bank erosion, mountain landslides northeast monsoon winds, cyclones, thunderstorms, droughts, flash floods, damaging cold weather, etc, of which the most dangerous and damaging are storms and floods, as ranked in the list of natural disasters in Quang Ngai. Table A4.4. Natural disasters often occur in Quang Ngai province TT Type of natural disaster Very high Level of Danger High Medium Low 1 Storm, tropical low pressure X 2 Flood, inundation X 3 River bank and coastal erosion X 4 Mountain landslide X 5 Northeast monsoon winds X 6 Cyclones, thunderstorm X 7 Flash flood X 8 Rising sea level X 9 Drought X 10 Salinity intrusion X Rank I II III 9

10 11 Hot and dry winds X 12 Damaging cold weather X 13 Freezing rain X 14 Fog, frost X 34. According to statistical data, on average, each year Quang Ngai receives 0.28 direct storms if the criteria for a direct storm or tropical low pressures include level 6 or higher rain and wind force, and 4 storms if the criteria includes only impacts caused by rain (directly and indirectly). Storms and tropical low pressures often occur from May to July. In the past 5 years, tropical low pressures appeared even in January and February; and storms has also occured earlier (April). 35. In Quang Ngai, normally when a storm, tropical low pressure, or tropical convergence is combined with Northeast monsoon winds, there is often heavy and prolonged rain, causing floods and inundation. On average, each year, there are 5 7 big floods with Threat level higher than level II in large rivers in Quang Ngai. Some floods even exceed Threat level III from 1 to 2.6m; there are double floods with many peaks and prolong in many days, causing serious inundation for lowland areas and coastal areas. Floods and storms are the most dangerous types of natural disaster which cause severe impacts on human and economic and social situation of the province. 36. According to statistical data from , Quang Ngai suffered directly and indirectly from 90 storms, 63 tropical low pressures and 71 floods formed in the rivers within the province. Storms, tropical low pressures and floods and other disasters have caused serious human and property losses for the Government and the people in the province, specifically: 601 people were killed or missing, 1017 injured, 8,501 houses were destroyed and swept away. The total estimated economic loss is 7, billion VND. IV Figure A4.8: Human losses due to Floods and Storms in Tra Khuc Ve Tra Bong river basin from

11 Figure A4.9: Economic losses due to Floods and Storms in Tra Khuc Ve Tra Bong river basin from 1996 A4.7.2 Response capacity Institutional arrangement Most of the river basin area is within Quang Ngai province territory. There are CFSC and CSR from provincial to local level with close collaboration to carry out disaster prevention and control activities. In addition, there are units directly dealing with search and rescue activities such as provincial Military headquarters, Defense headquarters, Police, Red Cross. 38. The action plan is always divided into 3 key activities: Preparation before flood season, response to storms and floods, and post-disaster recovery activities. Infrastructure and equipments 39. Currently, key DRM infrastructure of Quang Ngai includes: 01 provincial and 03 district Centers for Natural Disaster Prevention and Mitigation; reservoirs, pumping stations, reservoirs, dams, river revetments, coastal revetments, salinity prevention dikes, anchorages for avoiding storms, fish ports, hydrometeorological stations, weather forecast information network. 40. Hydraulic works: To 2009, Quang Ngai has operated 527 irrigation works (including 110 reservoirs, 324 dams and 93 pumping stations). Solid dikes and salinity prevention works: km of river embankments; 25 km of river mouth embankments; 03 salinity prevention dams; 16,061.9 m of roofed revetments and 54 spur dykes. 41. At the present, a lot of reservoirs have been built in Thu Bon river basin. Reservoirs with capacity of more than 10 million m 3 include: Dong Nghe (17.2 million m 3 ), Hoa Trung (10 million m 3 ), Phu Ninh (344 million m 3 ), Khe Tan (30 million m 3 ), Vinh Trinh (19.3 million m 3 ), A Vương (266.5 million m 3 ), Đa Mi 4 (152 million m 3 ) and Sông Tranh 2 (212.3 million m 3 ). 42. A number of anchorages have been built such as Dung Quat, Sa Ky, Tịnh Hoa, Ly Sơn, My A, Sa Huynh ports. 43. In the river basin, there are 3 basic gauging stations, 3 specialized gauging stations, 7 rain gauge stations, 3 meteorological stations and 94 flood level marking poles. 11

12 A4.8 Natural Disaster Situation in Kone River Basin (Binh Dinh) 44. Natural characteristics of Kone river basin is dominated by terrain conditions. The upstream part is steep mountain terrain, therefore, this part of river has a large flow coefficient, the water concentration time is short. Flood in Kone river usually occurs very fast within a day. Every year, there is from 2 to 5 floods, lasting from 3 to 5 days. Because of short flood season (only occurs in four months) and prolonged dry season, the impacts of flood flow can be most clearly seen after a major flood occurs on the river. 45. The Kone river basin in Binh Dinh province has different characteristics of geographic locations which result in different characteristics of climate from other areas in the country; the dry season in the North, the South and the Central Highlands coincides with the flood season in the South Central Coast provinces. The most common natural disasters in Binh Dinh are storms, tropical low pressures, floods, flash floods, landslides, droughts, salinity intrusion, cyclones, rising sea levels and forest fires, etc. which follow complex and unpredictable trends and cause serious human and property losses, affecting the lives and socioeconomic development of the province. From 2005 to 2009, in the whole country, there were 45 storms and 26 tropical low pressures active in the South China Sea, including 03 storms and 03 tropical low pressures directly hitting inland Binh Dinh; those storms and tropical low pressures active near the shores caused very heavy rains, resulting in flash floods and landslides and inundations to most parts of the provinces; According to the consolidated data from the provincial FSPR Steering committee Office, only during the period from 2005 to 2009, the natural disasters killed 203, injured 141 and caused property damage estimated at 2,938.6 billion VND. The types of natural disasters causing damage to the river basin include: storms, heavy rains resulting in flash floods and double floods in the river basin. In particular, due to effects of storm no. 11 in 2009, the whole lowland area of downstream Ha Thanh and Kone river basins was flooded in water 1.0 to 5.0m high. The routes accessing Quy Nhon city were inundated in m high flood, which made normal means of transport impossible; the whole system of Ha Thanh dikes and embankments, coastal dikes and transport routes were flooded in the fast-flowing flood water. This was the biggest flood occurring in Ha Thanh river basin in the past 40 years. The floods and storms in 2009 resulted in 33 deaths, 76 injured, 4 classrooms collapsing, 730 classrooms with roofs blown off, 35 health stations damaged, 98 ships and boats sunken, 17,740 ha of rice flooded, 3,673 ha of other crops spoilt, 697 ha destroyed by silts, 900 ton of seeds rotten, 4,020 ton of chemical fertilizers destroyed from being flooded, 683 ha of shrimp lakes flooded, hundreds of thousands of livestock swept away, 10,300m of dikes and embankments eroded, breached and broken into sections, more than 25km of irrigation canals eroded, 15 reservoirs with eroded slopes, 8 weirs broken, 1 pumping station flooded and broken, 89 temporary dams over rivers and streams swept away, more than 192km of transport roads eroded, industrial zones and groups flooded, factories damaged. The total damage caused by storms no. 9 and 11 was estimated at about 1,332 billion VND. Table A4.5. Damage to Kone river basin from Category Dead Lost Injured Damage (Billion VND) A4.9 Natural Disaster Situation in Dinh River Basin (Ninh Thuan) 46. In the rainy period, there are frequently flash floods on the banks of rivers and streams, flooding such major residential areas as Phan Rang city, Thuan Nam district, Ninh Phuoc district and Thuan Bac district. Flash floods occur damaging a great deal regarding human and property of the local people. 12

13 47. The common characteristic of Cai River - Phan Rang floods is surging fast, for short duration and often has a form of one peak and large fluctuation. The annual floods on the river are caused by rains with rainfall of from mm/day. When affected by storms or tropical depression, there may be heavy and widespread rains with rainfall of from mm/day in this valley. 48. In recent years, storms and floods have caused a large amount of damage to the people. Especially, storms causing widespread rains in both of upstream area and the coastal plain have resulted in particular big floods like in November 2003, the Dinh River water level rose and overflew through the dyke on length of over 1.5 km to the city causing flood and threatening dike breach. 49. According to statistics of Ninh Thuan provincial Steering Board for Flood and Strom Prevention and Control, the situation of flooding in recent years has caused damage of an estimated over 50 billion dong, particularly, in certain years, losses by natural disasters amounted to over 200 billion dong, the number of deaths from 2000 to the end of 2009 is 38 people. Table A4.6: Damage by rainstorm to Dinh river basin from Category Dead Lost Injured Damage (Billion dong)