Aquarius Pioneering the L- band Passive and Ac6ve Microwave Remote Sensing of Sea Surface Salinity and Wind
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1 Aquarius Pioneering the L- band Passive and Ac6ve Microwave Remote Sensing of Sea Surface Salinity and Wind SIMON YUEH, WENQING TANG, ALEXANDER FORE, AKIKO HAYASHI Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California InsHtute of Technology November 18, 2015
2 Background Development of SSS remote sensing techniques started in 1980s. NASA flew ESTAR in 1980s The Salinity Sea Ice Working Group started to advocate the L- band passive- achve remote sensing in 1998 Surface roughness recognized as one of the key error sources (PALS, 2000 flights across the Gulf Stream) Aquarius/SACD the first combined achve- passive L- band remote sensing mission selected by ESSP in 2002
3 Early ESSP SSS Mission Concepts Horn Antenna Nadir looking horn antenna Conical scanning horn 20o incidence angle 5 RPM 480 km swath at 550 km orbit Cutaway View Push- Broom Antenna Three antenna beams poinhng off nadir Conical scanning reflector Constant incidence angle at 40o 1000 km swath
4 Effects of Wind/Wave on Radar and Radiometer Signals Observed by Aquarius The matchup of Aquarius data with NCEP wind direchon, SSMIS wind speed indicates impact of ocean wind on radar and radiometer signals. The charts below indicate the signal sensihvity for the data from Aquarius beam# 2 (~39 deg incidence angle) Radar signals vary with wind speed and wind direchon Cosine signal changes sign at about 8 m/s Radio emissivity (TB/Ts) varies with wind speed and wind direchon
5 JPL s Aquarius Combined AcHve- Passive (CAP) Retrieval Combined AcHve- Passive (CAP) Algorithm minimizahon of a quadrahc cost funchon Retrieve SSS, Wind Speed and DirecHon Using Combined Passive and AcHve Data F ap (SSS,w,φ) = (T T BV BVm )2 + (T T BH BHm )2 + (σ σ VV VVm )2 + (σ σ HH HHm )2 + (w w NCEP )2 + sin2 ((φ φ ) / 2) NCEP ΔT 2 ΔT 2 k 2 2 p σ VV k 2 2 p σ HH Δw 2 δ 2 CAP V4.0 includes two SSS outputs SSS with no rain correchon SSS_rc with rain correchon Yueh, S. H., W. Tang, A. Fore, G. Neumann, A. Hayashi, A. Freedman, J. Chaubell, and G. Lagerloef (2013). IEEE Trans. Geoscience and Remote Sensing Yueh, S. H., W. Tang, A. Fore, A. Hayashi, Y. T. Song, and G. Lagerloef (2014), J. Geophys. Res. Oceans.
6 ValidaHon of JPL s Aquarius Combined AcHve- Passive (CAP) SSS Retrieval 0.14 (RMSD) psu with respect to buoy data Beker agreeemnt with buoy data than Hycom and APDRC (0.19 psu, RMSD)
7 Aquarius/SACD Excess Brightness Temperature Model Applicable to SMAP Aquarius Model FuncHon Derived from V.4 data SMAP data acquired to date agree with the Aquarius GMF.
8 SMAP Salinity + Soil Moisture and GPM Rain (SMAP Salinity not yet as accurate as Aquarius) Date Goes Here Name of presentahon or other info goes here 8
9 L- Band Remote Sensing of Severe Ocean Wind Surface Roughness Impact on L- band Microwave: signal for severe ocean surface wind AcHve - > vector Passive only - > speed
10 L- band Radar Data for Ocean Surface Winds SMAP two look radar data used to produce ocean surface winds good agreement with the ECMWF analysis Research effort supported by Oceanography program SMAP radar wind for super typhoon Maysak on
11 SMAP L-band Radiometer Data For Severe Weather All Weather Ocean Surface Wind speed L- band brightness temperature useful for hurricane wind speed retrieval using two looks, dual- pol TB data given the NCEP wind direchon 2 (T C = BVi T BVMi ) 2 + ΔT 2 i=1 2 i=1 (T BHi T BHMi ) 2 ΔT 2 SMAP Wind for Super Typhoon Maysak on Mar 31, 2015 reached 120 knots Date Goes Here Name of presentahon or other info goes here 11
12 SMAP captured three C4 Pacific Hurricanes August- September 2015
13 SMAP and NCEP Winds for Nangka Both SMAP and NCEP captured the storms SMAP exhibited a much stronger intensity NCEP SMAP
14 SMAP Wind Speed and Track for Typhoon NANGKA (Cat 4)
15 Maximum SMAP Wind Speed and Track analysis for Typhoon NANGKA (Cat 4) Good Agreement with TPC s Best Track Analysis
16 Summary Aquarius/SACD the first L- band combined achve- passive space mission provided data for SSS research Aquarius/SACD data also provide rich informahon leading to new applicahons, inc. severe ocean wind remote sensing, land surface freeze/thaw detechon, and so on. Provide the foundahon for the next decadal Earth Science survey
17 Future - Decadal Survey Mission Concept 20 km spahal resoluhon - > Large 12 meter antenna 3- day revisit - > Conical scanning to produce > 1000 km swath Improved accuracy MulH- frequency band L+AcHve/passive (ConHnuity) P passive (Cold water sensihvity/sea ice) C and/or S passive (SST and roughness)
18 Excess Brightness Temperature Due to Surface Roughness Discrepancy of the Aquarius and SMOS GMF for high winds to be resolved.
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