Tropical Cyclone Observa2ons with Aircra7 Passive and Ac2ve Microwave Instruments
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1 Tropical Cyclone Observa2ons with Aircra7 Passive and Ac2ve Microwave Instruments Paul Chang and Zorana Jelenak, NOAA/NESDIS/STAR James Carswell, Remote Sensing Solu2ons Stephen Frasier, University of MassachuseLs IGARSS July
2 Mo2va2on Stepped Frequency Microwave Radiometer (SFMR) Deployed on NOAA research and 53 rd Air Force Reserve Weather reconnaissance aircra7. Provides cri2cal wind speed observa2ons of tropical cyclone environment to forecasters for wind radii es2ma2on. Provides surface truth for geophysical model func2on development and valida2on. Problem: SFMR under es2mates precipita2on rate within TCs Retrieved wind speed and rain rate errors correlated Thus wind speed error depends on environment in field of view (i.e. precipita2on). IGARSS July
3 Measurement Geometry IWRAP: Simultaneous, Mul2- Beam Doppler/Reflec2vity Profiling Conical Scan (60 rpm) SFMR foot print Propor2onally not to scale. Not to scale NOAA Tail Doppler Radar & Lower Fuselage Radar beams not shown SFMR Specifica2ons Nadir Viewing. Frequency: C- band & Ku- band C-band 6 channels. Polariza2on: VV, HH Beam Incidence Angles: ~4.7 30, to 35, , GHz. SFMR column 50 (20-28 Al2tude deg) Range: 500 IWRAP 8000 m Range Resolu2on: 15, C/Ku-band 30, 60 & 120 Doppler m Radar. Conical scanning. Four beams. 20 to 55 degrees incidence. 30-m range gates. NOAA Tail Doppler Radar X-band. Helix scan fore/aft 20 deg. 75-m range gates. NOAA Lower Fuselage Radar C-band (~5.3 GHz) Reflectivity. Near grazing conical scanning. IGARSS July
4 SFMR Tb Geophysical Model Func2on (GMF) T b Versus U10N & Frequency T b Versus Rain Rate & Frequency 3 km al2tude, 28 o C SST 3 km al2tude, 28 o C SST IGARSS July
5 Rain Rate Under Es2mated IWRAP derived alenua2on ploled versus SFMR rain rate retrievals. Corrected SFMR Rain Rate = 2.5 x SFMR Rain Rate 5 mm/hr. Figures from [Esteban Fernandez, 2005]; UMass SFMR 2003 flights. IGARSS July
6 Rain Rate Under Es2mated by SFMR * NOAA Aircra7 Opera2ons Center SFMR SFMR under predicts rain rate by a factor of 2.5 SFMR rain rate es2mates are biased by ~ 5 mm/hr. Same results observed in 2003 comparison between IWRAP and UMass SFMR. Comparisons with Tail Doppler and Lower Fuselage radars show same 5 mm/hr bias and SFMR under es2mates rain rate. IGARSS July
7 New SFMR Absorp2on Model Current Model Monte- Carlo Solutions SFMR Absorption Model K = α ( R Fe )( ) mrr Re f R Monte-Carlo: Clustered Solutions Re Fe Rm Slope (m) Offset (b) r * Minimized offset and required slope >.85 IGARSS July
8 New SFMR Absorp2on Model Old SFMR Model New SFMR Model SFMR Tb data from Uhlhorn, et al, 2007: Hurricane Surface Wind Measurements from an Operational Stepped Frequency Microwave Radiometer. Monthly Weather Review, v.135, pp IGARSS July
9 New SFMR Absorp2on Model IWRAP Comparison IWRAP Z measurements versus SFMR Rain Rate Retrievals IWRAP C- band reflec2vity factor measurements. SFMR rain rate derived using new absorp2on model. Solid black line is opera2onal Z- R model for tropical cyclones. Red line is fit to data solving for exponent only. Green line is fit to data solving for exponent and mul2plier. * 2008 IWRAP and SFMR measurements from hurricane season. IGARSS July
10 Wind Speed and Rain Rate Retrieval Errors IGARSS July
11 Summary SFMR rain rate retrievals have been documented to under predict the rain rate in tropical cyclones. New absorption GMF developed for SFMR for 2005 data set. SFMR wind speed retrievals compared with GPS drop sondes winds improves with new SFMR absorption model. SFMR rain rate IWRAP reflectivity factor comparison improves with new SFMR absorption model. IGARSS July
12 THANK YOU Ques2ons? IGARSS July
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