ntroduction At the end of the practical course the learner should be able to:

Transcription

1 UNIVERSITY OF NAIROBI COLLEGE OF BIOLOGICAL AND PHYSICAL SCIENCES School of Phsical Sciences Bachelor of Science in Meteorolog & Postgraduate Diploma in Meteorolog Snoptic Meteorolog and Weather Analsis (SMR 304/ SMR 502) Practical Manual 2015/2016 (MAY - SEP 2016) Written B: Ininda J. M Department of Meteorolog Universit of Nairobi (Ma 2016)

2 ntroduction This practical course in SMR304/ SMR502 is intended to provide practical skills to learners at undergraduate level pursuing B.Sc. in Meteorolog and PGD. in Meteorolog analtical and computational skills in snoptic Meteorolog. The computation skills include; computation of speed and direction from the zonal and meridional components, computation of horizontal divergence and computation of absolute vorticit. The analtical skill include plotting meteograms, streamline isotach analsis. THE OBJECTIVES OF SMR 304 PRACTICALS The main objective of this unit is to enable the student to learn analtical and computation skill in Snoptic Meteorolog and to be able to use computer soft wares to solve meteorological problems. The specific course objectives: At the end of the practical course the learner should be able to: 1. Compute the horizontal of divergenge and absolute vorticit from the zonal and meridional wind component 2. Plot a Meteogram 3.Plotting Divergent wind from velocit potential 4.Plot the sounding on a T gram 5.Decode and code a METAR

3 PRACTICAL TIME TABLE (SMR /16) SERIAL NO. DESCRIPTION DATE DUE FOR HANDING IN Practical - 01 Practical -02 Practical - 03 Computation of speed, direction, horizontal divergenge and absolute vorticit Plotting Meteogram for a given Station Plotting Divergent wind, and streamline and isotachs. 30 th June th Jul th Jul 2016 Allocation of percentage Marks Practical - 04 Plotting the Sounding on a 21 th T gram Jul 2016 Practical - 05 Decoding and coding METAR 4 th Aug 2016 CAT Mid- Jul 2015 TOTAL MARKS

4 Practical One COMPUTATION OF SPEED, DIRECTION, HORIZONTALDIVERGENGE AND ABSOLUTE VORTICITY Objective: The practical is aimed at enabling the student compute the speed, direction, horizontal, divergence and absolute vorticit given the zonal and meridional components of the wind. Tools a) A table of zonal and meridional components of the wind. b) Lecture Notes c) An of the following, softwares; BASIC, EXCEL or MATLAB Instructions: a) Etract zonal and meridional wind component for 850mb level for the month and ear ou have been allocated from the NCEP data set for the region; LON 30 o E to 60 o E and LAT 15 o N to 15 o S. 1/.MONTHLY/.Intrinsic/.PressureLevel/ b) Compute the wind speed and direction at all grid points c) Compute the divergence at the inner grid points using the centred differencing scheme. d) Compute the absolute vorticit at the inner grid points using the centred differencing scheme. Background Information on divergence The horizontal divergence is given Div V Thus: u v. V Evaluation of u and v using centred finite differencing schemes. Centred Differencing Scheme

5 u u u 2 v v v 2 When determining divergence over the surface of the earth for large distances the curvature of the earth must be taken into consideration. Thus cos a and a Where and are the longitude and latitude respectivel and a the radius of the earth. Background Information on v The relative vorticit (vertical vorticit iis given V k k. ˆ Thus: u v Evaluation of v and u using centred finite differencing schemes. Centred Differencing Scheme v v v 2 u u u 2 Absolute Vorticit f u u v v f 2 ), ( ), ( 2 ), ( ), ( ), ( ), ( When determining divergence over the surface of the earth for large distances the curvature of the earth must be taken into consideration. Thus cos a and

6 a Where and are the longitude and latitude respectivel and a the radius of the earth. TABLE ALOCATION OF DATA FOR PRACTICA NO.1 S/N SEASON REG NO.NAME 1 MAY 2016 II0/1290/2013 CHEMUNJE KEVIN SADDY 2 APRIL 2016 I10/1300/2013 ACHOKA EDGAH 3 MARCH 2016 I10/1468/2014 NG'ANG'A MICHAEL KAMUNG'A 4 FEBRUARY 2016 I10/1470/2014 ABDALLAH HASSAN HASSAN 5 JANUARY 2016 I10/1471/2014 MOHAMED KARRO SORA 6 DECEMBER 2015 I10/1472/2014 OTIANG'A ATEMO EDWARD 7 NOVEMBER 2015 I10/1473/2014 ZINDE MWANAJUMA KHAMISI 8 OCTOBER 2015 I10/1474/2014 OTIENO A ROSE 9 SEPTEMBER 2015 I10/1475/2014 MUTHONI PAUL NG'ANG'A 10 AUGUST 2015 I10/1476/2014 OWINO ERIC ISAIAH 11 JULY 2015 I10/1477/2014 OGOL ANTONY OUMA 12 JUNE 2015 I10/1478/2014 ONDURU OSCAR AKUNGU 13 JUNE 2015 I10/1480/2014 OMONDI VICTOR 14 MAY 2015 I10/1481/2014 CHEPTOO ROSE SOY 15 APRIL 2015 I10/1482/2014 TOWETT CHEROBEN PAUL 16 MARCH 2015 I10/1483/2014 KIRUI KAREN CHERONO 17 FEBRUARY 2015 I10/1484/2014 MWANGI JOSEPH NJOROGE 18 JANUARY 2015 I10/1485/2014 MBAI EZRA MURURU 19 DECEMBER 2014 I10/1486/2014 CHEPTOO BRENDA 20 NOVEMBER 2014 I10/1487/2014 MBITHI WAMBUA 21 OCTOBER 2014 I10/1488/2014 OUMA DAVIES 22 SEPTEMBER 2014 I10/1489/2014 SARUNI JOSHUA MALOI 23 AUGUST 2014 I10/1491/2014 LANGAT MICHAEL 24 JULY 2014 I10/1492/2014 IMBUKWA HILLARY 25 JUNE 2014 I10/1494/2014 DAVID KITALI 26 JUNE 2014 I10/1495/2014 ESIBWE AMUKUNE WILLY 27 MAY 2014 I10/1497/2014 KARANJA APUPHIA WANGECHI 28 APRIL 2014 I10/1498/2014 MOGI AUSTIN AMING'A 29 MARCH 2014 I10/1500/2014 WAFULA S WANYONYI 30 FEBRUARY 2014 I10/1501/2014 MAINA W KELVIN 31 JANUARY 2014 I10/1504/2014 ODHIAMBO DANCUN MOLA 32 DECEMBER 2013 I10/1507/2014 GICHUHI ERIC MURIUKI 33 NOVEMBER 2013 I10/1510/2014 ALUOCH FREDRICK GEORGE 34 OCTOBER 2013 I10/1511/2014 MEITIAKI EMILY SEMPEO 35 SEPTEMBER 2013 I10/1514/2014 MBURU JAMES GIT

7 36 AUGUST 2013 I10/1515/2014 WANYONYI W HUMPHREY 37 JULY 2013 I10/1517/2014 OTIENO BRIAN MANDELA 38 JUNE 2013 I10/1518/2014 MANG'ENI SIBADO LUCAS 39 JUNE 2013 I10/1519/2014 AKOKO ZENAH PATRICIA 40 MAY 2013 I10/1521/2014 MURIUKI SYMON MURIMI 41 APRIL 2013 I10/1522/2014 OJIAMBOH B JOSEPH 42 MARCH 2013 I10/30102/2014 TSOMBE JOHN IAN 43 FEBRUARY 2013 I10/32094/2014 MOTSEONAGENG TSHOLOFELO 44 JANUARY 2013 I10/32095/2014 IKANENG BOAGO 45 DECEMBER 2013 I10/32096/2014 DIPAO LULU NKOME 46 NOVEMBER /85176/2016 MOHAMED YANGBAY KAMARA

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9 Practical Two Plotting Meteogram for a Given Station Objective: The practical is aimed at enabling the student decode the weather messages and plot on a weather chart. Tools a) A table of coded weather messages b) A table of smbols for plotting characteristics of meteorological elements on a meteogram. Instructions Etract the Snop report for 12UTC for the stations ou have been allocate for all the das of the month. Using the WMO smbols ( a summar is included in this manual) plot the snop weather report.( Time cross section of weather at the station ou are allocated) Draw the time series of the following parameters; total cloud cover, wind speed, zonal wind, meridional wind, STUDENT STATION DURATION S/N 1 II0/1290/2013 CHEMUNJE KEVIN SADDY 63820, Mombasa 1 ST -31 ST MARCH, I10/1300/2013 ACHOKA EDGAH 63793, Voi 1 ST -31 ST MARCH, , Lamu 1 ST -31 ST MARCH, I10/1468/2014 NG'ANG'A MICHAEL KAMUNG'A 4 I10/1470/2014 ABDALLAH HASSAN HASSAN 63740, Nairobi 1 ST -31 ST MARCH, I10/1471/2014 MOHAMED KARRO SORA 63723, Garissa 1 ST -31 ST MARCH, , Embu 1 ST -31 ST MARCH, I10/1472/2014 OTIANG'A ATEMO EDWARD 7 I10/1473/2014 ZINDE MWANAJUMA KHAMISI 63714, Nakuru 1 ST -31 ST MARCH, I10/1474/2014 OTIENO A ROSE 63708, Kisumu 1 ST -31 ST MARCH, I10/1475/2014 MUTHONI PAUL NG'ANG'A 63695, Meru 1 ST -31 ST MARCH, I10/1476/2014 OWINO ERIC ISAIAH 63671, Wajir 1 ST -31 ST MARCH, I10/1477/2014 OGOL ANTONY OUMA 63661, Kitale 1 ST -31 ST MARCH, I10/1478/2014 ONDURU OSCAR AKUNGU 63631, Lira 1 ST -31 ST MARCH, I10/1480/2014 OMONDI VICTOR 63612, Lodwar 1 ST -31 ST MARCH, I10/1481/2014 CHEPTOO ROSE SOY 63820, Mombasa 1 ST -30 TH APRIL, I10/1482/2014 TOWETT CHEROBEN PAUL 63793, Voi 1 ST -30 TH APRIL, I10/1483/2014 KIRUI KAREN CHERONO 63772, Lamu 1 ST -30 TH APRIL, I10/1484/2014 MWANGI JOSEPH NJOROGE 63740, Nairobi 1 ST -30 TH APRIL,2016

10 18 I10/1485/2014 MBAI EZRA MURURU 63723, Garissa 1 ST -30 TH APRIL, I10/1486/2014 CHEPTOO BRENDA 63720, Embu 1 ST -30 TH APRIL, I10/1487/2014 MBITHI WAMBUA 63714, Nakuru 1 ST -30 TH APRIL, I10/1488/2014 OUMA DAVIES 63708, Kisumu 1 ST -30 TH APRIL, I10/1489/2014 SARUNI JOSHUA MALOI 63695, Meru 1 ST -30 TH APRIL, I10/1491/2014 LANGAT MICHAEL 63671, Wajir 1 ST -30 TH APRIL, I10/1492/2014 IMBUKWA HILLARY 63661, Kitale 1 ST -30 TH APRIL, I10/1494/2014 DAVID KITALI 63631, Lira 1 ST -30 TH APRIL, I10/1495/2014 ESIBWE AMUKUNE WILLY 63612, Lodwar 1 ST -30 TH APRIL, I10/1497/2014 KARANJA APUPHIA WANGECHI 63820, Mombasa 1 ST -31 ST MAY, I10/1498/2014 MOGI AUSTIN AMING'A 63793, Voi 1 ST -31 ST MAY, I10/1500/2014 WAFULA S WANYONYI 63772, Lamu 1 ST -31 ST MAY, I10/1501/2014 MAINA W KELVIN 63740, Nairobi 1 ST -31 ST MAY, I10/1504/2014 ODHIAMBO DANCUN MOLA 63723, Garissa 1 ST -31 ST MAY, I10/1507/2014 GICHUHI ERIC MURIUKI 63720, Embu 1 ST -31 ST MAY, , Nakuru 1 ST -31 ST MAY, I10/1510/2014 ALUOCH FREDRICK GEORGE 33 I10/1511/2014 MEITIAKI EMILY SEMPEO 63708, Kisumu 1 ST -31 ST MAY, I10/1514/2014 MBURU JAMES GIT 63695, Meru 1 ST -31 ST MAY, I10/1515/2014 WANYONYI W HUMPHREY 63671, Wajir 1 ST -31 ST MAY, I10/1517/2014 OTIENO BRIAN MANDELA 63661, Kitale 1 ST -31 ST MAY, I10/1518/2014 MANG'ENI SIBADO LUCAS 63631, Lira 1 ST -31 ST MAY, I10/1519/2014 AKOKO ZENAH PATRICIA 63612, Lodwar 1 ST -31 ST MAY, I10/1521/2014 MURIUKI SYMON MURIMI 63820, Mombasa 1 ST -30 TH NOVEMBER I10/1522/2014 OJIAMBOH B JOSEPH 63793, Voi 1 ST -30 TH NOVEMBER I10/30102/2014 TSOMBE JOHN IAN 63772, Lamu 1 ST -30 TH NOVEMBER I10/32094/2014 MOTSEONAGENG TSHOLOFELO 63740, Nairobi 1 ST -30 TH NOVEMBER I10/32095/2014 IKANENG BOAGO 63720, Embu 1 ST -30 TH NOVEMBER I10/32096/2014 DIPAO LULU NKOME 63714, Nakuru 1 ST -30 TH NOVEMBER , Kitale 1 ST -30 TH NOVEMBER I45/85176/2016 MOHAMED YANGBAY KAMARA

11 Practical Three: STREAMLINES OF DIVERGENT WIND AND STREAMLINE-ISOTACH ANALYSIS Objective: The practical is aimed at enabling the student gain skill in analzing the divergent wind and wind using streamline-isotach method. Definition: Isotach Isotach are lines joining points of equal wind speed Singular points: Tools: Chart of velocit potential The wind plots on the chart Procedure: 1. Divergent Wind The divergent wind is given b V Thus the streamlines of the divergent wind will be orthogonal (at right angle) to the isolines of the velocit potential. 2. Streamline Isotach Analsis Draw two sets of lines, the streamlines and isotachs Streamline: Starting at the edge of the chart draw smooth streamlines, ensuring that each streamline is parallel to wind vector. Where two streamlines diverge ou ma start another between them Where two streamline flow together join them smoothl Identif singular points Isotach Determine a suitable interval and draw the isotachs.

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14 Practical Four: PLOTTING THE SOUNDING ON A T Objective: The practical is aimed at enabling the student to plot the sounding on T And compute the convective parameters. Tools a) A table of coded Temp Report b) A chart (T ) c) Colored pencils (Red, Yellow, Green and Blue) Instructions 1. Etract the Temp report for the allocated station and date from the following website 2. Print a thermodnamic diagram from this manual. 3. Sounding for the two consecutive das as assigned should be at the same time between 11hr and 18hr local time of the station allocated 4. Plot the given temperature and dew point temperature for the two das on the same T gram and answer the following questions with regard to the second da of our data. a) Indicate the laers that eperienced warming/ cooling and moistening / dring. b) Determine the LCL, equivalent potential temperature, lifted Inde and K-inde c) Find the thermal wind in the laer between the following laers; , , and mb. d) Find the relative humidit, specific humidit and vapor pressure at surface, 850mb,700mb, 600mb, 500mb, and 400mb S/N DATES STATION STUDENT REG NO. 1 1 st and 2 nd Ma , Pretoria Irene (South Africa II0/1290/ st and 2 nd Ma , Darwin Airport (Australia) I10/1300/ st and 2 nd Ma , Lima-Callao / Aerop. I10/1468/2014

15 Internacional Jorgechavez Peru) 4 1 st and 2 nd Ma , Medan / Polonia (Indonesia) I10/1470/ st and 2 nd Ma , Calcutta / Dum Dum (India) I10/1471/ st and 2 nd Ma , Camborne (United Kingdom) I10/1472/ st and 2 nd Ma , Ujung Pandang / Hasanuddin I10/1473/2014 (Indonesia) 8 1 st and 2 nd Ma , Fairbanks, Fairbanks I10/1474/2014 International Airport (United States) 9 1 st and 2 nd Ma , Nome, Nome Airport (United I10/1475/2014 States) 10 1 st and 2 nd Ma , Barrow, Wile Post-Will Rogers I10/1476/ rd and 4 th Ma 2016 Memorial Airport (United States) 68263, Pretoria Irene (South Africa I10/1477/ rd and 4 th Ma , Darwin Airport (Australia) I10/1478/ rd and 4 th Ma , Lima-Callao / Aerop. I10/1480/2014 Internacional Jorgechavez (Peru) 14 3 rd and 4 th Ma , Medan / Polonia (Indonesia) I10/1481/ rd and 4 th Ma , Calcutta / Dum Dum (India) I10/1482/ rd and 4 th Ma , Camborne (United Kingdom) I10/1483/ rd and 4 th Ma , Ujung Pandang / Hasanuddin I10/1484/2014 (Indonesia) 18 3 rd and 4 th Ma , Fairbanks, Fairbanks I10/1485/2014 International Airport (United States) 19 3 rd and 4 th Ma , Nome, Nome Airport (United I10/1486/2014 States) 20 3 rd and 4 th Ma , Barrow, Wile Post-Will Rogers I10/1487/ th and 6 th Ma 2016 Memorial Airport (United States) 68263, Pretoria Irene (South Africa I10/1488/ th and 6 th Ma , Darwin Airport (Australia) I10/1489/ th and 6 th Ma , Lima-Callao / Aerop. I10/1491/2014 Internacional Jorgechavez (Peru) 24 5 th and 6 th Ma , Medan / Polonia (Indonesia) I10/1492/ th and 6 th Ma , Calcutta / Dum Dum (India) I10/1494/ th and 6 th Ma , Camborne (United Kingdom) I10/1495/ th and 6 th Ma , Ujung Pandang / Hasanuddin I10/1497/2014 (Indonesia) 28 5 th and 6 th Ma , Fairbanks, Fairbanks 29International Airport (United States) 29 5 th and 6 th Ma , Nome, Nome Airport (United States) I10/1498/2014 I10/1500/ th and 6 th Ma , Barrow, Wile Post-Will Rogers I10/1501/2014 Memorial Airport (United States) 31 7 th and 8 th Ma , Pretoria Irene (South Africa I10/1504/ th and 8 th Ma , Darwin Airport (Australia) I10/1507/ th and 8 th Ma , Lima-Callao / Aerop. I10/1510/2014 Internacional Jorgechavez (Peru) 34 7 th and 8 th Ma , Medan / Polonia (Indonesia) I10/1511/2014

16 35 7 th and 8 th Ma , Calcutta / Dum Dum (India) I10/1514/ th and 8 th Ma , Camborne (United Kingdom) I10/1515/ th and 8 th Ma , Ujung Pandang / Hasanuddin I10/1517/2014 (Indonesia) 38 7 th and 8 th Ma , Fairbanks, Fairbanks International Airport (United States) 39 7 th and 8 th Ma , Nome, Nome Airport (United States) I10/1518/2014 I10/1519/ th and 8 th Ma , Barrow, Wile Post-Will Rogers I10/1521/ th and 6 th Ma 2016 Memorial Airport (United States) 68263, Pretoria Irene (South Africa I10/1522/ th and 6 th Ma , Darwin Airport (Australia) I10/30102/ th and 6 th Ma , Lima-Callao / Aerop. I10/32094/2014 Internacional Jorgechavez Peru) 44 5 th and 6 th Ma , Medan / Polonia (Indonesia) I10/32095/ th and 6 th Ma , Calcutta / Dum Dum (India) I10/32096/ th and 6 th Ma , Camborne (United Kingdom) I45/85176/2016

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18 Practical Five: Decoding and coding METAR Objective: The practical is aimed at enabling the student to code and decode aviation weather. And compute the convective parameters. Tools a) A table of coded METAR b) A table of observed and forecast aviation weather Instructions: 1. Decode the METAR given in table Code the aviation weather given in table 5.2 TABLE 5.1 METAR EGSS Z AUTO 31002KT 2800 HZ BKN001 OVC023 01/M00 Q1018= METAR EGNH Z 00000KT 5000 HZ FEW012 SCT027 04/02 Q1017= METAR EGLC Z 22004KT 170V BKN028 02/M02 Q1021= METAR HTKJ Z 06010KT 9999 FEW028CB BKN030 26/20 Q1013 NOSIG= METAR HTTB Z 00000KT 9999 FEW022 BKN070 25/19 Q1018= HTTB Z 00000KT 9999 FEW022 BKN070 25/19 Q1019= METAR HTDA Z 27012KT 9999 SCT019 FEW021CB OVC070 24/24 Q1011 TEMPO 8000 SHRA=

19 (A) TABLE 5.2 Complete Landing Forecast or Aviation routine weather report with trend forecast for Entebbe Int. airport The time of origin (issuing) at 1200Z on the 12 th Februar, 2016 Observed weather Wind direction is 90 degrees, Wind speed 06 knots Visibilit 7500 meters Cloud laer 1 amount 3-4 oktas (or 3/8-4/8) at base 1500 ft Cloud laer 2 amount 3-4 oktas of Cumulonimbus (or 3/8-4/8) at base 1700 ft Temperature 26ºC, Dew point temperature 24ºC QNH 865 hpa (mb) Forecast weatherchange Time from 120Z on 20 th until 1250 on 12 th Februar, 2016 Horizontal Visibilit is 3000m Weather phenomena is moderate thunderstorm with rain The end signal of the message (B) Complete Landing Forecast/ Aviation routine weather report with trend forecast Jomo Kenatta Int. airport The time of origin (issuing) at 1200Z on the 15 th Januar 2016 Observed weather Wind direction is 70 degrees, Wind speed 08 knots Visibilit 8000 meters Cloud laer 1 amount 5-6 oktas (or 5/8-6/8) at base 1400 ft Cloud laer 2 amount 3-4 oktas of Cumulonimbus (or 3/8-4/8) at base 1600 ft Temperature 22ºC, Dew point temperature 19ºC QNH 823hPa (mb) Forecast Change in weather Time from 1200 on 20 th until 1220Z on 20 th Horizontal Visibilit is 4000m Weather phenomena is moderate thunderstorm with rain The end signal of the message

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