Introduction to tropical meteorology and deep convection

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1 Introduction to tropical meteorology and deep convection Roger K. Smith University of Munich A satpix tour of the tropics The zonal mean circulation (Hadley circulation), Inter- Tropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ) Field experiments Macroscale circulations, The Walker circulation, Monsoons Synoptic scale weather systems, tropical waves Moist convection and convective systems The Madden-Julian Oscillation, Westerly wind bursts Concluding remarks Topics

2 INDO IR GMS IR

3 GOES IR Principal land and ocean areas between 40 S and 40 N. The shaded areas show tropical highlands (over 1000 m). From Nieuwolt (1977)

4 How does one define the tropics? Tropic of Cancer 23.5 o N Maritime continent Tropic of Capricorn 23.5 o s A satpix tour of the tropics The zonal mean circulation (Hadley circulation), Inter- Tropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ) Field experiments Macroscale circulations, The Walker circulation, Monsoons Synoptic scale weather systems, tropical waves Moist convection and convective systems The Madden-Julian Oscillation, Westerly wind bursts Concluding remarks Next topic

5 300 energy gain + energy loss F (W m 2 ) Radiative heat balance Absorbed solar flux Emitted infrared flux South Latitude North Zonally averaged components of the absorbed solar flux and emitted thermal infrared flux at the top of the atmosphere. (after Vonder Haar and Suomi, 1971, with modifications) mm 1000 Mean annual precipitation North Latitude South Mean annual precipitation as a function of latitude. (after Sellers, 1965)

6 mean meridional circulation Hadley circulation The mean meridional circulation and main surface wind regimes. after Defant, 1958 ITCZ

7 ITCZ A satpix tour of the tropics The zonal mean circulation (Hadley circulation), Inter- Tropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ) Field experiments Macroscale circulations, The Walker circulation, Monsoons Synoptic scale weather systems, tropical waves Moist convection and convective systems The Madden-Julian Oscillation, Westerly wind bursts Concluding remarks Next topic

8 Field Experiments in the Tropics Bermuda Oceanographic and Meteorological EXperiment (BOMEX) 1969 Holland & Rasmusson, (1973), MWR, 101, Global Atmospheric Research Programme (GARP) Atlantic Tropical Experiment (GATE) July 1974 GARP: Fleming et al., (1979), BAMS, 60, GATE: Kuettner et al. (1974) BAMS, 55, The MONsoon EXperiment (WMONEX December 1978, SMONEX May August, 1979) WMONEX: Greenfield & Krishnamurti (1979), BAMS, 60, SMONEX: Fein & Kuettner (1980) BAMS, 61, Field Experiments in the Tropics Australian Monsoon EXperiment & Equatorial Mesoscale EXperiment (AMEX, EMEX) January February 1987 AMEX Holland et al. (1986), BAMS, 67, EMEX Webster & Houze (1991), BAMS, 72, Tropical Oceans Global Atmosphere Couple Ocean Atmosphere Response Experiment (TOGA COARE) November 1992 February 1993 Webster & Lucas (1992), BAMS, 73,

9 A satpix tour of the tropics The zonal mean circulation (Hadley circulation), Inter- Tropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ) Field experiments Macroscale circulations, The Walker circulation, Monsoons Synoptic scale weather systems, tropical waves Moist convection and convective systems The Madden-Julian Oscillation, Westerly wind bursts Concluding remarks Next topic 200 mb JJA 850 mb

10 200 mb DJF 850 mb Velocity potential We can separate the three-dimensional velocity field into a rotational part and a divergent part (see e.g. Holton, 1972, Appendix C.) V = k ψ + χ rotational nondivergent ( k ψ) = k 2 ψ ( k ψ ) = 0 irrotational divergent χ=0 ( ) 2 ( χ= χ )

11 Upper tropospheric (200 mb) mean seasonal velocity potential indicating the divergent part of the mean seasonal wind which is proportional to χ. (Adapted from Krishnamurti et al., 1973). month OLR < 225 W m 2 From Lau & Chan, 1983

12 Walker circulation

13 A satpix tour of the tropics The zonal mean circulation (Hadley circulation), Inter- Tropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ) Field experiments Macroscale circulations, The Walker circulation, Monsoons Synoptic scale weather systems, tropical waves Moist convection and convective systems The Madden-Julian Oscillation, Westerly wind bursts Concluding remarks Next topic July Monsoons

14 January SE Asian Monsoon

15 Australasian Monsoon South America: January climatology 850 mb wind 200 mb wind

16 An example of monsoon variability West coast of India (From Webster, 1983) A satpix tour of the tropics The zonal mean circulation (Hadley circulation), Inter- Tropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ) Field experiments Macroscale circulations, The Walker circulation, Monsoons Synoptic scale weather systems, tropical waves Moist convection and convective systems The Madden-Julian Oscillation, Westerly wind bursts Concluding remarks Next topic

17 August July June Time-longitude section of vis imagery - latitude band N 01/ time From Wallace, 1970 Winter MONEX GMS IR 25 Dec 1978 C B Fig A MSLP 25 Dec 1978 From Webster, 1983

18 Winter MONEX 250 mb 25 Dec 1978 A C Fig B shaded horizontal wind divergence 850 mb 25 Dec 1978 A C B From Webster, 1983 The variation of surface pressure at Darwin for the period Dec

19 Easterly waves over Africa WV Imagery 17 June Z Tropical cyclones Super typhoon Wynnie 11 Aug 1997 TC tracks ( )

20 A satpix tour of the tropics The zonal mean circulation (Hadley circulation), Inter- Tropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ) Field experiments Macroscale circulations, The Walker circulation, Monsoons Synoptic scale weather systems, tropical waves Moist convection and convective systems The Madden-Julian Oscillation, Westerly wind bursts Concluding remarks Next topic Moist Convection Trade Cumuli

21 The tropical troposphere z km o C -73 o C observed -150 o C +150 o C 29 o C 77 o C θ observed Conclusion: Deep tropical circulations cannot be dry adiabatic The role of diabatic processes z 15 km Latent heat release opposes adiabatic cooling Fast ascent Radiative cooling opposes adiabatic warming Slow descent ITCZ subtropical high Conclusion: Deep convection occupies a small fractional area

22 Successive locations of radar reflectivity contours in a tropical squall line. From Chang et al. (1987) Radar reflectivity contours (dbz) of a tropical squall line observed during COPT81 (Ivory Coast, West Africa). Horizontal cross-section at low levels ( km).

23 Radar reflectivity contours (dbz) of a tropical squall line observed during COPT81 (Ivory Coast, West Africa). Vertical cross-section along the axis of propagation. Types of convection

24 A satpix tour of the tropics The zonal mean circulation (Hadley circulation), Inter- Tropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ) Field experiments Macroscale circulations, The Walker circulation, Monsoons Synoptic scale weather systems, tropical waves Moist convection and convective systems The Madden-Julian Oscillation, Westerly wind bursts Concluding remarks Next topic

25 Madden-Julian Oscillation From JAS, Sept Madden-Julian Oscillation MJO From Webster 1987

26 Indian Ocean Feb/Mar /02 07/02 13/02 17/02 24/02 06/03 West Pacific Ocean Feb /02 09/02 13/02 21/02 24/02 29/02

27 Westerly wind bursts GOES-9 12 UTC 2 Dec micron image

28 The extended Held-Hou Model Winter Cell cell z Summer Cell cell Y - Eq. Y 0 Y 1 Y + Solar heating maximum Streamline dividing the winter and summer cells Eq. θ Μ0 u = U M Solution for θ M0 and Y θ Μ, θ Ε (y) unknowns u = 0 2 Ωθ0 4 θ Y 2 E0 Y 2 3a 2 2 Ωθ 2 Y θ Y E0 θm0 =θ 10a gh θm0 =θ 2a gh a Y θ Μ (Y) = θ Ε (Y) y Pole 1/2 5 θgh Y = 2 3Ωθ0 2 5 θ gh M0 E a Ωθ0 θ =θ Take θ 0 = 255 K, θ = 40 K and H = 12 km Y 2400 km and θ Μ0 0.9 K cooler than θ Ε (0). in agreement with obs. Scale and put y = L E Y Now dv ν µ u = ν Yv µ dy 2 2 ( ) dv ν µ η = µ Yv ν dy 2 2 ( ) vy ( ) = v = exp ( Y) H ( Y) n n Kelvin wave Mixed R-G wave Parcel motions and dv Yv ( Y ) dh n = n + exp dy dy Properties of the Hermite polynomials dhn = 2nHn 1( Y) dy H ( Y) = 2YH ( Y) 2nH ( Y) n n n Horizontal structure of the Kelvin wave and of a westward propagating Mixed Rossby-gravity wave. A few outstanding problems Interaction between moist convection and the large-scale flow. What are the controls on deep convection. Models don t get the diurnal variation correct. No generally accepted theory of the Madden-Julian Oscillation. Weather forecasting in the tropics is still very difficult compared with that in the middle latitudes.

29 The End Thank you for your interest Talk available at:

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