NATS 101 Section 13: Lecture 3. Weather vs. Climate
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1 NATS 101 Section 13: Lecture 3 Weather vs. Climate
2 Definition of Weather Weather: Condition of the atmosphere at a particular time and place. Comprised of: Air temperature: Degree of hotness or coldness Air pressure: Force of the air above Humidity: Amount of water vapor in the air Clouds: Water droplets (liquid) or ice crystals (solid) above the surface Precipitation: Water that falls clouds and reaches ground Visibility: Farthest distance one can see. Wind: Horizontal movement of air
3 Surface Station Model (U.S.) Notes: Temperature and Wind Stations outside U.S. use degrees Celsius for temperature Wind barb direction reverses in southern hemisphere.
4 Surface Station Model (U.S.) Notes: Pressure Leading 10 or 9 is not plotted for surface pressure Greater than 500 = 950 to 999 mb Less than 500 = 1000 to 1050 mb mb mb
5 Sky Cover, Weather Symbols on a Surface Station Model
6 Surface Pressure Tendency
7 Wind Speed How to read: Half barb = 5 knots Full barb = 10 knots Flag = 50 knots 1 knot = 1 nautical mile per hour = 1.15 mph = knots
8 Wind direction NORTHERLY From the north WESTERLY From the west 180 EASTERLY From the east SOUTHERLY From the south
9 Eastern Colorado Snowstorm (From UCAR RAP website)
10 LIMON, COLORADO AMARILLO, TEXAS
11 Limon, Colorado (LIC) Weather conditions STATION IDENTIFIER
12 Limon, Colorado (LIC) Weather conditions TEMPERATURE Temperature: 21 F
13 Limon, Colorado (LIC) Weather conditions Temperature: 21 F Dewpoint: 18 F DEWPOINT
14 Limon, Colorado (LIC) Weather conditions Temperature: 21 F Dewpoint: 18 F Pressure: Not available PRESSURE
15 Limon, Colorado (LIC) Weather conditions Temperature: 21 F Dewpoint: 18 F Pressure: Not available Sky conditions: Overcast SKY CONDITIONS
16 Limon, Colorado (LIC) Weather conditions WIND SPEED AND DIRECTION Temperature: 21 F Dewpoint: 18 F Pressure: Not available Sky conditions: Overcast Wind: North-northwesterly at 30 knots, gusting to 34 knots.
17 Limon, Colorado (LIC) Weather conditions PRECIPITATION Temperature: 21 F Dewpoint: 18 F Pressure: Not available Sky conditions: Overcast Wind: North-northwesterly at 30 knots, gusting to 34 knots. Precipitation: Moderate Snow
18 Limon, Colorado (LIC) Weather conditions VISIBILITY Temperature: 21 F Dewpoint: 18 F Pressure: Not available Sky conditions: Overcast Wind: North-northwesterly at 30 knots Precipitation: Moderate Snow Visibility: Quarter mile
19 Amarillo, Texas (AMA) Weather conditions Temperature: Dewpoint: Pressure: Sky conditions: Wind: Precipitation: Visibility:
20 Weather symbols Fronts mark the boundary between air masses with different characteristics. Typically where interesting weather happens.
21 Weather Map: COLD AIR WARM AIR (UCAR RAP website)
22 What about what is happening above the ground?
23 Upper Air Measurements Weather balloons, or radiosondes, sample atmosphere up to 10 mb. They measure: Temperature Moisture Pressure They are tracked to get winds using global positioning satellites (GPS)
24 North American Upper Air Network Observations typically taken twice per day at the same time (00 and 12 GMT) Note the scarcity of observations over Mexico and the Mexican government may even cut these!
25 Upper Air Sounding (Skew T Log P Diagram) Denver Sounding on Gives a graphical display of information from the radiosonde: Temperature (Red) Dewpoint (Green) Winds (right side) Note the changes in temperature and moisture with height. UCAR RAP website
26 Upper Air Station Model (At specific pressure level)
27 500-mb Map:
28 500-mb Conditions at Denver (DEN)
29 500-mb Conditions at Denver (DEN) 500-mb HEIGHT Height of 500-mb Surface: 5620 m
30 500-mb Conditions at Denver (DEN) TEMPERATURE Height of 500-mb Surface: 5620 m Temperature: -20 C
31 500-mb Conditions at Denver (DEN) Height of 500-mb Surface: 5620 m Temperature: -20 C Dewpoint: -22 C DEWPOINT DEPRESSION
32 500-mb Conditions at Denver (DEN) WIND SPEED AND DIRECTION Height of 500-mb Surface: 5620 m Temperature: -20 C Dewpoint: -22 C Winds: Southeasterly at 25 knots
33 Practice it yourself for today s weather using the UCAR RAP website
34 Definition of Climate Climate: The statistical characteristics of weather elements over a given period of time. Some examples: Seasonal or yearly average rainfall in the U.S. Dominant patterns of sea surface temperatures (e.g. El Niño) Daily average temperature at a weather station Variability of snowfall
35
36 Major factors for AZ: Note the dependence of rainfall with elevation
37 El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO)
38
39 Tucson Snowfall
40 Some Good Places on the Web for Climate Information National Weather Service Climate Diagnostics Center, Boulder, CO Climate Prediction Center, NCEP, Camp Springs, MD Western Regional Climate Center, Reno, NV National Climate Data Center, Asheville, NC
41 Summary of Lecture 3 Defined the difference between weather and climate. Weather is the condition of the atmosphere at a particular time and place: temperature, pressure, humidity, clouds, precipitation, visibility and wind. Be familiar with how each of these is defined. Looked at surface and upper air station models (as well as weather symbols) and how to interpret them to diagnose the weather. Went through an example of a snowstorm in Colorado in late December. Climate is the statistical characteristics of weather elements over a given period of time. Several examples of climate data were presented for various time and space scales.
42 Reading Assignment Ahrens, Chapter 2, pp (8 th ed.) pp (9 th ed.)
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