17 August 2016: Russian Aircraft Laboratory available for Arctic Environmental Studies

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1 17 August 2016: Russian Aircraft Laboratory available for Arctic Environmental Studies A Russian aircraft laboratory is available for scientific use during the Year of Polar Prediction to carry out meteorological investigations such as cloud physics, atmospheric dynamics, or radiation studies. The Russian Central Aerological Observatory (CAO) announces the availability for international scientists to use their aircraft laboratory Roshydromet for various investigations of atmospheric environmental parameters during the Year of Polar Prediction. The plane has a maximum flight level of m and a flight distance of km with a speed range between 350 and 700 km/h. Additional to the crew with three members, up to 14 scientists can operate aboard the Yak-42D. Roshydromet was already deployed in scientific campaigns over the Kara Sea and Polar Ural. Scientific facilities of the aircraft lab include systems to measure thermodynamics and electrical characteristics of the atmosphere, gas and particulate pollutants, radiation, radioactive pollution and microphysical cloud parameters. There are meteorological Doppler radars and a data acquisition system installed on board for data transmission and control of aircraft experiments. Further information on the use of the research aircraft can be found below. For particular queries, please contact the head of CAO s Laboratory of Atmospheric Thermodynamics, Mikhail Strunin Mikhail_strunin@mail.ru. The Year of Polar Prediction (YOPP) is a major international activity that has been initiated by World Meteorological Organization s World Weather Research Programme (WWRP) as a key component of the Polar Prediction Project (PPP). It will take place from mid-2017 to mid The overarching goal of YOPP is to significantly advance our environmental prediction capabilities for the polar regions and beyond. As an internationally coordinated period of intensive observing, modelling, prediction, verification, user-engagement and education activities which involves various stakeholders, the Year of Polar Prediction contributes to the knowledge base needed to managing the opportunities and risks that come with polar climate change.

2 New Russian aircraft-laboratory Yak-42D Roshydromet for environmental research Base flight performance of aircraft-laboratory Yak-42D Roshydromet : Crew 3 members; Max flight level m; Flight distance 3500 km; Speed range from 350 up to 700 km/h; Max take-off weight 58 tones. Scientific crew up to 14 members. Approximate cost of flight hour is RUR (6570 EUR as of 20/07/2016) Aircraft-laboratory Yak-42D Roshydromet was designed for research works in the following fields: Scientific and applied investigations in clouds physics and atmospheric dynamics of fronts and cyclones, planetary boundary layer; Investigations of climatology factors in atmosphere; Monitoring of radiation in atmosphere, radiation balance; Monitoring of radioactive pollution of atmosphere and underlying surface; Investigation of local and regional pollution of atmosphere and surface, estimation of background pollution and its trans-boundary transport; Validation of satellite measurements of atmospheric and underlying surface parameters; Sounding of underlying surface. Aircraft-laboratory Yak-42D Roshydromet was used in the following missions: Investigations of thermodynamic, clouds and gases and aerosol pollutants in Arctic Region (Kara Sea, Novaya Zemlya, Yamal peninsula, ); Investigations of clouds in Moscow region ( ); Validations of ground-based Doppler radars (Moscow region, 2015); Investigations of pollutant diffusion from megapolis (Moscow region, 2014).

3 Aircraft-laboratory Yak-42D Roshydromet onboard instruments: 1 - system for measuring of flight navigation performance and thermodynamic characteristics of atmosphere 2 - system for control of gas and particulate pollutant contents in atmosphere 3 - system for measuring of radiation in atmosphere and radiation balance, remote control of underlying surface 5 - system for measuring microphysical cloud parameters, atmospheric pollutant 4 - system for monitoring of radioactive pollution of atmosphere and surface 6 - aircraft meteorological upward and downward Doppler radars 7 - system for measuring electrical characteristics of atmosphere 8 - onboard data acquisition system, means for data transmission and control of the aircraft experiment Flight in Arctic region Onboard flight operations Flight in Arctic region (Kara Sea) officer (Polar Ural) Contact person: Mikhail A. Strunin, Dr.Si (prof.) Head, Laboratory of Atmospheric Thermodynamic Central Aerological Observatory (CAO) 3, Pervomayskaya, Dolgoprudny, Moscow Region, , Russia Tel: (office) (mob.) Fax: mikhail_strunin@mail.ru

4 Applying Russian aircraft-laboratory Yak-42D «Roshydromet» for environmental research works in Polar Regions 1. Base flight performance of aircraft-laboratory Yak-42D Roshydromet : -Crew 3 members; -Max flight level m; -Flight distance 3500 km; -Speed range from 350 up to 700 km/h; -Max take-off weight 58 tones. -Scientific crew up to 14 members. 2. Aircraft-laboratory Yak-42D "Roshydromet can be used for fulfilling research works in polar regions: -Investigations of atmospheric dynamics of fronts and cyclones, planetary boundary layer (air temperature and humidity, wind speed, turbulence and turbulent fluxes measurements); -Measurements of cloud parameters (cloud water content, concentrations and spectra of cloud particles of different sizes, images of cloud particles); -Radar investigation of clouds; -Measurements of solar and reflected radiation in atmosphere, radiation balance; -Investigation of pollution (aerosol and gases) diffusion in atmosphere (concentrations of gases and spectra of aerosol particles sizes); -Sounding of underlying surface in visible and infra-red ranges; -Validation of satellite measurements of atmospheric and underlying surface parameters. 3. Onboard scientific instruments of aircraft-laboratory Yak-42D Roshydromet 3.1 System for measuring of flight navigation performance and thermodynamic characteristics of atmosphere -Global navigation system GPS GLONASS, Russia; -Inertial navigation system Honeywell Laseref VI, USA; -Semispherical five-holes pressure probes Rosemount858AJ и 858Y, USA; -Pressure probe PVD-30, Russia; -Air data transducers Rosemount MADT2016B, USA; -Pressure sensor Rosemount1221F2AF7B1B, USA; -Differential pressure sensors Rosemount 1221F2VL7B1A, USA; -Units for sensors interface, CAO, Russia; -Aircraft thermometers Rosemount 102CT2D6, USA; -Aircraft thermometer Rosemount 102E4AL, USA; -High-response thermometers CAO, Russia; -Inertial measuring unit AIST-350, Russia; -Dew-point hygrometer General Eastern 1311XR, USA; -Aircraft condensation hygrometer ACH, CAO, Russia System for control of gas and particulate pollutant contents in atmosphere -Multi-waves polarized lidar MAL, Russia; -Diode laser spectrometer (DL-spectrometer) in IR-range with multi-paths vat, Russia; -Ozone monitor Model205, 2B Tech. Inc., USA; -High-frequency chemiluminescent ozonometer CAO, Russia; -Chemiluminescent analyzers of nitric oxides, ECOPHYSICS, Swiss; 1

5 -Chemiluminescent sensor of high-frequency variations of concentrations of nitric dioxide CAO, Russia System for measuring of radiation in atmosphere and radiation balance, remote control of underlying surface -Pyranometers CMP22, Kipp&Zonnen, Netherlands; -PyrgeometersCGR4 Kipp&Zonnen, Netherlands; -Ultra-violetmeterUV-S-B-T/CKipp&Zonnen, Netherlands; -Hyper-spectrometer of visible and infra-red ranges, Russia 3.4. System for measuring microphysical cloud parameters, atmospheric pollutant and means for weather modification -Liquid and total water content sensor, Russia; -Counter of cloud condensation nuclei CCN-200 DMT, USA; -Concentration and the mass of a carbonaceous aerosol Sensor SP-2 DMT, USA; -Ultra-high sensitivity spectrometer for submicron aerosol UHSAS, DMT, USA; -Counter of cloud droplets CDP DMT, USA; -Counter of cloud particle CIP DMT, USA; -Spectrometer and imager of participation particles PIP DMT, USA; -Imager of aerosol particles SPEC-CPI, SPEC Inc., USA; -Data acquisition system M300 DMT, USA 3.5. Aircraft meteorological upward and downward Doppler radars -Coherent upward and downward Doppler surveillance vertical radars with active scanning lattice antenna in the sector of 30 o, Russia Onboard data acquisition system -Server IROBA 1000, USA; -Industrial computers IROBA x, IROBA i, USA; -Net time server Sync Server S250, USA; -Router CISCO 2811, USA; -Switch boards Cisco Catalyst 2955T, USA; -Switches for remote control KVN AdderViewVX1008, USA. 4. List of measured parameters of Russian Yak-42D Roshydromet aircraft-laboratory 4.1. Investigations of the thermodynamic conditions of atmosphere: -True static pressure in the range from 91.2 up to hpa; -True air in the range from -70 up to +50 о С; -Wind speed in the range from 0 up to 50 ms -1 ; -Wind angle in the range from от 0 о up to 360 о ; -Dew point temperature in the range from - 70 up to +30 о С; -Turbulent fluctuations of longitudinal, lateral and vertical wind speed components and air temperature, based on ground-based processing Investigations of the gases and aerosol structure of atmosphere: -Coefficients of back aerosol dispersion at the wave lengths of 355, 532, 1064 nm in the range from 10-4 up to 10-2 m -1 ; -Carbon dioxide concentrations in the range from 0 up to 1000 ppm; -Methane concentrations in the range from 0 up to 20 ppm; -Ozone concentrations in the range from 1.0 ppb up to 250 ppm; -Fluctuations of ozone concentrations in the range from от 1.0 up to 1000 ppb; -Concentrations of NO, NOx, NOy in the range from от 0.3 up to 500 ppb; 2

6 -Fluctuation of concentrations of NO 2 in the range from 0.1 up to 100 ppb Investigations of the radiative balance and spectral characteristics of radiation from underlying surface: -Intensities of the total and reflected upward and downward short-wave solar radiation in the range from 0.2 up to 3.6 µm; -Intensities of the total and reflected upward and downward long-wave solar radiation in the range from 4.5 до 42.0 µm; -Intensities of the ultra-violet downward solar radiation in the range А ( µm) and В ( µm); -Radiative fluxes from the underlying surface in the range of spectrum radiation from up to µm in 150 spectral areas Investigations of microphysical parameters of clouds: -Content of the liquid and total water it the range from 0,003 gm -3 up to 3 gm -3 ; -Concentration of cloud condensation nuclei in the range from 0.75 up to 10 µm; -Concentration and the mass of a carbonaceous aerosol to 8000 cm -3 in the range from 0.15 up to 0.7 µm; -The submicron aerosol size distribution in the range of µm; -The small aerosol size distribution in the range of 0.1 up to 3 µm; -The concentrations of cloud droplets in the range from 2 to 50 µm; -Two-dimensional images and concentration of cloud particles in the range from 25 up to 1550 µm; - Two-dimensional images and concentration of cloud and precipitation particles in the range of 100 up to 6200 µm; -Two-dimensional images of cloud particles in the range from 2.3 up to 1000 µm Onboard radar investigation of clouds: -Parameters of radar reflecting in clouds in upward and downward semi-spheres. All measurements are supplied with precise navy information: -Latitude based on GPS-GLONASS in the range from -80 о S up to 80 о N; -Longitude based on GPS-GLONASS in the range from -180 о W up to 180 о E; -Geometric height of aircraft based on GPS-GLONASS in the range from 0 up to 10 km; -Barometric height of aircraft in the range from -350 up to m; -Wind air and ground speed of aircraft in the range from 30 ms -1 up to 180 ms -1 ; -Roll, pitch and heading angles. 5. Regions of scientific flights In depending on preliminary analysis of air-mass transport based on numerical trajectory models investigations can be fulfilled according with one of the general flight paths Naryan-Mar region of Kara Sea (the point with coordinates 76,00 о o.l. и 77,00 о n.l.) peninsula Yamal (the point with appox. coordinates 71,00 о o.l. и 72,50 о n.l.) - Naryan-Mar. Murmansk - region of Barents Sea (the point with appox. coordinates 39,00 о o.l. и 79,00 о n.l. ) - Murmansk. Salehard region of Kara Sea (the point with coordinates 76,00 о o.l. и 77,00 о n.l.) peninsula Yamal (the point with coordinates 71,00 о o.l. и 72,50 о n.l.) - Salehard. The point of vertical aircraft soundings: peninsula Yamal, region of Kara Sea, region of Barents Sea. Base airports: Naryan-Mar, Murmansk, Salehard. 3