Preface to the Second Edition. Preface to the First Edition

Transcription

1 Contents Preface to the Second Edition Preface to the First Edition iii v 1 Introduction Relevance for Climate and Weather Solar Radiation Thermal Infrared Radiation The Global Heat Engine Components of the Earth s Energy Budget Relevance for Remote Sensing Properties of Radiation The Nature of Electromagnetic Radiation Frequency Frequency Decomposition Broadband vs Monochromatic Radiation Polarization Energy A Mathematical Description of EM Waves Quantum Properties of Radiation Flux and Intensity Flux vii

2 viii Intensity Relationship between Flux and Intensity Applications Global Insolation Regional and Seasonal Distribution of Insolation 50 3 The Electromagnetic Spectrum Frequency, Wavelength and Wavenumber Major Spectral Bands Gamma Rays and X-Rays Ultraviolet Band Visible Band Infrared Band Microwave and Radio Bands Solar and Terrestrial Radiation Applications UV Radiation and Ozone Reflection andrefraction A Closer Look at N The Real Part The Imaginary Part The Dielectric Constant Optical Properties of Heterogeneous Mixtures Refraction and Reflection Angle of Reflection Angle of Refraction Reflectivity Applications Rainbows and Halos Radiative Properties ofnaturalsurfaces Natural Surfaces Idealized as Planar Boundaries Absorptivity and Reflectivity Examples of Reflectivity Spectra The Graybody Approximation Angular Distribution of Reflected Radiation Specular and Lambertian Reflection Reflection in the General Case

3 ix 5.4 Applications Solar Heating of Surfaces Satellite Imaging at Visible and Near-IR Wavelengths Thermal Emission Blackbody Radiation Planck s Function Wien s Displacement Law Stefan-Boltzmann Law Rayleigh-Jeans Approximation Emissivity Monochromatic Emissivity Graybody Emissivity Kirchhoff s Law Brightness Temperature When Does Thermal Emission Matter? Applications Radiative Equilibrium in a Vacuum Top-of-the-Atmosphere Global Radiation Balance Simple Radiative Models of the Atmosphere Nighttime Radiative Cooling Radiative Cooling at Cloud Top IR Imaging from Space Microwave Imaging from Space Atmospheric Transmission Extinction, Scattering and Absorption Coefficients Extinction Over a Finite Path Fundamental Relationships Mass Extinction Coefficient Extinction Cross-Section Generalization to Scattering and Absorption Generalization to Arbitrary Mixtures of Components Plane Parallel Approximation Definition Optical Depth as Vertical Coordinate

4 x 7.4 Applications The Transmission Spectrum of the Atmosphere Measuring Solar Intensity from the Ground Transmittance in an Exponential Atmosphere Optical Thickness and Transmittance of a Cloud Layer Atmospheric Emission Schwarzschild s Equation Radiative Transfer in a Plane Parallel Atmosphere The Emissivity of the Atmosphere Monochromatic Flux Surface Contributions to Upward Intensity Applications The Spectrum of Atmospheric Emission Satellite Retrieval of Temperature Profiles Water Vapor Imagery Absorption by Atmospheric Gases Basis for Molecular Absorption/Emission Absorption/Emission Lines Rotational Transitions Vibrational Transitions Electronic Transitions Combined Energy Transitions and Associated Spectra Line Shapes Generic Description of Lines Doppler Broadening Pressure Broadening Comparing Doppler and Pressure Broadening Continuum Absorption Photoionization Photodissociation Continuum Absorption by Water Vapor Applications Atmospheric Absorbers in the IR Band

5 xi 10 Broadband Fluxes and Heating Rates Line-by-line Calculations Band Transmission Models Absorption by an Isolated Line Defining a Band Model The Elsasser Band Model The Random/Malkmus Band Model The HCG Approximation The k-distribution Method Homogeneous Path Inhomogeneous Path: Correlated-k Applications Fluxes and Radiative Heating/Cooling RTE With Scattering When Does Scattering Matter? Radiative Transfer Equation with Scattering Differential Form Polarized Scattering Plane Parallel Atmosphere The Scattering Phase Function Isotropic Scattering The Asymmetry Parameter The Henyey-Greenstein Phase Function Single vs. Multiple Scattering Applications Intensity of Skylight Horizontal Visibility Scattering and Absorption By Particles Atmospheric Particles Overview Relevant Properties Scattering by Small Particles Dipole Radiation The Rayleigh Phase Function Polarization Scattering and Absorption Efficiencies Scattering by Spheres Mie Theory

6 xii Extinction Efficiency for Nonabsorbing Sphere Extinction and Scattering by Absorbing Spheres Scattering Phase Function Distributions of Particles Applications The Scattering Properties of Clouds Radar Observations of Precipitation Microwave Remote Sensing and Clouds Radiative Transfer with Multiple Scattering Visualizing Multiple Scattering The Two-Stream Method Azimuthally Averaged RTE The Two-Stream Approximation Solution Semi-Infinite Cloud Albedo Flux and Heating Rate Profile Nonabsorbing Cloud General Case Albedo, Transmittance, and Absorptance Direct and Diffuse Transmittance Semi-Infinite Cloud as Approximation Similarity Transformations Clouds Over Non-Black Surfaces Multiple Cloud Layers Accurate solution methods A Representing the Phase Function 427 A.1 Legendre Polynomial Expansion A.2 δ-scaling of the Phase Function B Symbols Used 438 C Further Reading 445 D Useful Physical andastronomical Constants 447 Ordering Information 459