Robert Houze University of Washington (with contributions from B. Smull)

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1 Robert Houze University of Washington (with contributions from B. Smull) Winter MONEX Summer MONEX Presented at: International Conference on MONEX and its Legacy, 3-7 Feb 2005, New Delhi

2 Johnson & Houze 1987

3 WINTER MONEX Diurnal variation of high cloudiness near Borneo Bintulu S. CHINA SEA December 1978 BORNEO 08 LST 20 LST 14 LST 02 LST Houze et al. 1981

4 Radar Obs.. of WINTER MONEX Borneo cloud system Bintulu Stratiform Precipitation Houze et al. 1981

5 Diurnal gravity wave generation of mesoscale convection over coastal South America Pacific Andes South America Pacific Andes South America Mapes et al. 2003

6 Johnson & Houze 1987

7 Percent High Cloudiness in the Summer Monsoon May-September 1999 < 235 K < 210 K 850 mb wind 300 mb wind & sfc pressure Zuidema 2002

8 Diurnal cycle, mean percent high cloudiness, 1999 Cloud Top < 210 K Zuidema 2002

9 Location of cloud systems by horizontal dimension May-September 1999 Cloud Top < 210 K r < 85 km r = km r = km r > 210 km Zuidema 2002

10 Webster et al NOAA Ship Ronald H. Brown

11 JASMINE Mesoscale Convective Systems Defined & tracked by 218 K infrared threshold Zuidema 2002

12 JASMINE 1999, Ship Track & Satellite Data E Ship Track Webster et al. 2002

13

14 IR Temperature 08:30 LST

15 IR Temperature 11:30 LST

16 IR Temperature 14:30 LST

17 IR Temperature 17:30 LST

18 IR Temperature 20:30 LST

19 IR Temperature 20:30 LST Ship radar

20 JASMINE 1999 Ship Radar Data 2345 LST 22 May LST 23 May LST 23 May 99

21 JASMINE 1999 Ship Radar Data Reflectivity Reflectivity Doppler Radial Velocity 22 May LST

22 JASMINE 1999 Ship Radar Data Reflectivity Reflectivity Doppler Radial Velocity 22 May LST

23 23 May LST JASMINE Ship Radar Data TRMM Precipitation Radar Swath

24 TRMM Precipitation Radar shows extensive stratiform structure 23 May LST

25 SUMMER MONEX 6 July mb wind Houze & Churchill 1987

26 SUMMER MONEX 6 July 1979 NOAA P3 Aircraft 20N Microphysics 20N Radar 14N 14N 88E 92E 88E 92E Houze & Churchill 1987

27 SUMMER MONEX 8 July mb wind Houze & Churchill 1987

28 SUMMER MONEX 8 July 1979 NOAA P3 Aircraft 20N Microphysics Radar 20N 16N 16N 82E 86E 82E 86E Houze & Churchill 1987

29 SUMMER MONEX Microphysics, All P3 flights, 3-8 July 1979 Flight Level Temperature (deg C) Columns Columns Needles Plates Plates & Dendrites Dendrites Melting Aggregates & Drops Aggregates Drops Relative Frequency of Occurrence Houze & Churchill 1987

30 TRMM Precipitation Radar June-Sept, Intense Convective Wide Stratiform N E

31 Oceanic convection in both winter and summer monsoons occur in deep, broad mesoscale convective systems, often diurnally forced Ground and airborne radars showed that precipitation in the mature mesoscale convective systems was predominantly stratiform Microphysical data collected by aircraft confirmed the highly stratiform character of the precipitation, with evidence of ice particle growth by vapor deposition & aggregation JASMINE 1999 shows the deepest, broadest, & longest lasting mesoscale systems are diurnal & propagate southward, possibly as waves, with discrete jumps in the progression of the cloud systems TRMM satellite radar data (since 1997) confirm the stratiform character of the precipitation over the ocean in contrast to that over the land

32

33

34

35

36 Diurnal cycle, mean percent high cloudiness, 1999 <235 K <210 K Zuidema 2002

37

38 Stratiform precipitation shown by the Bintulu Radar Churchill & Houze 1984

39 WINTER MONEX Time series of high cloudiness seen by satellite SOUTH CHINA SEA BORNEO December 1978 Houze et al. 1981

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