On Surface fluxes and Clouds/Precipitation in the Tropical Eastern Atlantic
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1 On Surface fluxes and Clouds/Precipitation in the Tropical Eastern Atlantic Chris Fairall, NOAA/ESRL Paquita Zuidema, RSMAS/U Miami with contributions from Peter Minnett & Erica Key AMMA Team Meeting Leeds, UK. April, 2006
2 On Surface fluxes and Clouds/Precipitation in the Tropical Eastern Atlantic AMMA Team Meeting Leeds, UK. April, 2006
3 On Surface fluxes and Clouds/Precipitation in the Tropical Eastern Atlantic flux tower scanning Doppler 5-cm precipitation radar cloud radar micropulse lidar Roles: 1. Downstream observation 2. Ocean/climate monitoring 3. Aerosol&cloud radiation AMMA Team Meeting Leeds, UK. April, 2006
4 1st leg; 5/23-6/18 2nd leg; 6/22-7/16 Two 20N-5S transects at 23 W, ~ 2 weeks each
5 Eastern Pacific Investigation of Climate: Sept SST + QuikSCAT winds Raymond et al., 2004
6 Sept. 21 Time series of sonde RH at 95W, 10N TS Juliette
7 cloud radar reflectivity precipitation radar divergences (Mapes & Lin, 2005) surface rainfall
8 cloud radar reflectivity precipitation radar divergences (Mapes & Lin, 2005) surface rainfall
9 able to quantitatively relate precipitation-radar inferred divergence to the sublimation of snowing ice inferred from cloud radar thermal impact upon surface-based convection is a positive feedback, may enhance cirrus cloud lifetime similar data integration could prove useful to AMMA objectives
10 Micropulse LIDAR = 0.523µm Eye-safe LIDAR to measure aerosol vertical structure (75m resolution). AMMA Team Meeting Leeds, UK. April, 2006 Lidar-derived extinction coefficients along the cruise track of the Ronald H Brown during Aerosol99 From Voss, K. J., E. J. Welton,, P. K. Quinn, J. Johnson, A. M. Thompson, and H. R. Gordon, 2001: Lidar measurements during Aerosols99. Journal of Geophysical Research, 106, doi: : /2001JD
11 *Spring and Fall cruises (99-02) *Fall Tao and WHOI stratocumulus (03 on) *Buoy data quality assurance *Direct/more comprehensive data *Comparisons satellite, NWP *Fluxes and Cloud/PBL processes * Bootstrap buoy data Measurements: Near-surface bulk meteorology Direct radiative fluxes Direct turbulent fluxes Basic profiles (sondes, wind profiler) Basic cloud (base ht, fraction, LWP)
12 Eastern Pacific cold tongue + ITCZ, sst T air latent sensible SST gradient ~0.5N, winds, latent heat flux 2 N
13 Surface Energy Fluxes Average surface energy fluxes for spring (blue) and fall (red) cruises: left panel is sensible and latent heat flux; right panel is net solar and net IR radiative fluxes.
14 Cloud Radiative Forcing and Net Heat Fluxes Cloud Forcing = Mean Measured Radiative Flux Mean Clear Sky Radiative Flux. Thus, cloud forcing is the net effect the cloud have on the surface radiative fluxes. For IR flux it is positive (clouds warm the surface) while for solar flux it is negative (clouds cool the surface). Average surface heat fluxes for the 7 cruises (blue=fall; red=spring). The left panel is for the IR cloud forcing (upper) and solar cloud forcing (lower). The right panel shows the net surface heat flux (upper) and the cloud forcing contribution to that flux (lower)
15 Specific humidity Specific Humidity at 2.5 m (g/kg) WHOI Stratus Buoy 2001: ETL green line, WHOI dots Buoy-ship intercomparison Blue - buoy Green - ship Julian Day 2001 air temperature 18.5 WHOI Stratus Buoy 2001: ETL green line, WHOI dots 18 Air Temperature at 2.5 m (C) Julian Day 2001
16 Ship-based measurements during AMMA by the University of Miami M-AERI group Peter Minnett, Erica Key (on L Atalante) & Goshka Szczodrak (on Ronald H Brown) RSMAS University of Miami AMMA Team Meeting Leeds, UK. April, 2006
17 Objectives To validate satellite measurements of the Sea-Surface Temperature in regions of strong aerosol loading; improve satellite retrieval algorithms (MODIS on Terra and MODIS, AMSR-E & AIRS on Aqua,, AATSR on Envisat). To obtain data to validate satellite retrievals of atmospheric temperature and humidity profiles (AIRS on Aqua, TES on Aura). To study cloud and aerosol radiative forcing at the surface. To study effects of Saharan Air Layer (SAL) on the infrared radiation budget at the sea-surface. To provide data for the study of the role of the SAL on hurricane development (in conjunction with aircraft flights of the Hurricane Research Division of NOAA Atlantic Oceanographic and Atmospheric Laboratory). AMMA Team Meeting Leeds, UK. April, 2006
18 L Atalante EGEE 3 cruise Cotonou Cotonou (May 23 July 6). Instrumentation critical subset of Ronald H Brown Cruise track AMMA Team Meeting Leeds, UK. April, 2006
19 What do we expect to learn during AMMA: Downstream of Africa: improved characterization, understanding of SAL & convection interaction, water cycle Ocean/climate variability: improved characterization of the equatorial-itcz gradient In air and ocean properties/fluxes leading to improved bulk parameterizations, understanding, particularly under deep convection improved utility of buoy & satellite observations AMMA Team Meeting Leeds, UK. April, 2006
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