Autonomous Measurements of Sea-Surface Temperature for the Validation of Satellite Retrievals

Transcription

1 Autonomous Measurements of Sea-Surface Temperature for the Validation of Satellite Retrievals R. Michael Reynolds, RMRCo, Brookhaven NY Peter J. Minnett, RSMAS, Miami FL Steven F. Browdy, OMS Tech, Inc., Miami FL Craig J. Donlon, U.K. Met Office, Exeter U.K.

2 NOPP Partnership Objectives: To develop a radiometer capable of autonomous operation on vessels of the VOS fleet. Demonstrate its use in a realistic environment Demonstrate it meets accuracy requirements Demonstrate the utility of skin SST in improving forecast skill

3 NOPP Partners Partner P. J. Minnett University of Miami R. M. Reynolds Remote Measurements & Research Co. A. T. Jessup APL - University of Washington F. Wentz Remote Sensing Systems W. J. Emery University of Colorado G. A. Wick NOAA-ETL J. Cummings NRL Monterey D. May NAVOCEANO Craig Donlon UK Meteorological Office Ian Robinson National Oceanography Centre, Southampton Roles and Tasks Project lead, M-AERI deployments, absolute calibrations of sensors, AVHRR and MODIS analyses Instrument integration, at-sea deployments Instrument calibration, at-sea deployments Microwave SSTs Bulk-skin models, regression skin SST analysis Near-surface temperature models, GOES SST analysis Application of skin SST to atmospheric forecast models Operational applications Instrument development Instrument development

4 Outline SST requirements Skin Effect ISAR Infrared Scanning Autonomous Radiometer (Wimmer et al this session) Calibration At sea deployment with M-AERI At sea deployment on VOS ship

5 Satellite skin SST accuracies Validating sensor must contribute <0.1K to the error budget of the comparison Table from Szczodrak et al this Symposium

6 Skin Effect Difference between skin SST and a bulk SST at a depth of ~3m. From Minnett, P. J., 2003: Radiometric measurements of the sea-surface skin temperature - the competing roles of the diurnal thermocline and the cool skin. International Journal of Remote Sensing, 24,

7 ISAR Infrared Sea-Surface Temperature Autonomous Radiometer Heitronics KT15.85 IRT, narrow FOV Ambient and heated internal black bodies Scan drum with programable view angles Weather door and automatic closure. Optical rain gauge for sensitive rain detection Weatherproof packaging Pitch/roll/compass for tilt measurements and emissivity computation. GPS provides position and time.

8 ISAR Calibration

9 NIST water-bath black-body body calibration target See: Fowler, J. B., A third generation water bath based blackbody source., J. Res. Natl.Inst. Stand. Technol., 100,

10 The NIST EOS TXR Unique EOS Standard Cryogenic detectors (liquid N 2 ) λ= 5 & 10µm Rice, J. P. and B. C. Johnson, The NIST EOS Thermal- Infrared Transfer Radiometer, Metrologia, 35, Rice, J. P., J. J. Butler, B. C. Johnson, P. J. Minnett, K. A. Maillet, T. J. Nightingale, S. J. Hook, A. Abtahi, C. J. Donlon, and I. I. J. Barton, 2004: The Miami2001 Infrared Radiometer Calibration and Intercomparison: 1. Laboratory Characterization of Blackbody Targets. J Atm Ocean Tech, 21,

11 Marine-Atmospheric Emitted Radiance Interferometer (M-AERI)

12 NOPP ISAR deployments Roof of Marine Science Center, RSMAS Explorer of the Seas Caribbean, attended (Summer, 2004) Ronald H. Brown Caribbean & Eastern Tropical Pacific, attended (October - November, 2004) Jingu Maru North Atlantic, autonomous (June December 2005) Kapitan Dranitsyn Arctic Ocean, attended (September 2005) Southern Surveyor Timor Sea, attended (January February 2006)

13 ISAR M-AERI Miami Arica, Oct 10 Nov 30, 2004.

14 M/V Jingu Maru, NYK Line The Jingu Maru, owned by the NYK Ship Management PTE Ltd, is leased to Wallenius Lines and operated the N. Atlantic. A round trip took about one month. ISAR 01 operated on the Jingu Maru from July to December In December the ship began a new route from the North Sea to Cape Town in December The ISAR equipment was removed for calibration. M/V Jingu Maru gt. Built by Kanasashi Co., Toyohashi, in Operated by Nippon Yusen Kaisha. See

15 ISAR on the Jingu Maru Completely autonomous View angle = 55 o Height above S.L. = 28 m

16 INMARSAT-C Real-time data link Based on U. Miami s proven SeaKeepers data acquisition system. Inmarsat-C telemetry link, hourly transmissions. Sealed waterproof canister. Battery backup. Operates NOAA s Scientific Computer System (SCS) software. Onboard data archival.

17 SST field for first Trans-Atlantic crossing. HH/MM, SSST

18 ISAR skin SSTs 1 st Trans- Atlantic Crossing

19 MODIS Skin SST Comparison

20 Progress.. ISAR provides accurate skin SSTs ISAR works in an autonomous mode on a VOS ship Real-time data communications work i.e. ISAR skin SST can be inserted into the GTS with other VOS data. There are ship operators willing to host novel instruments and allow access to the ship during port calls for maintenance.

21 & Prospects Identify and correct causes of instrument problems in extreme cold Reinstall ISARs on VOS vessels Develop 2-way communications for remote diagnostics Generate more satellite matchups to understand better the causes of discrepancies

22 Acknowledgements Funding through NOPP from NASA and NOAA Explorer of the Seas deployment: Kevin Maillet, Chip Maxwell & Don Cucchiara (RSMAS) Ronald H Brown deployment: Erica Key (RSMAS) & Jeremiah Reynolds (RMRCo) Jingu Maru deployment: consent and support of the Wallenius Wilhelmsen Shipping Company and the NYK Shipping Line. In particular Misaki Hanyu and Captains Hayashida and Hashimoto and the crew of the Jingu Maru were cooperative and supportive during our many port visits