SCIENCE. Gravity. Space. Name:... Class:... ACTIVITY BOOK

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1 Gravity & Space Name:... Class:... ACTIVITY BOOK

2 Contents Vocaulary... Page 2 Down with gravity... Page 3 Word search 1... Page 4 Weight... Page 5 Gravity... Page 6 Gravitational attraction... Pages 7-9 Solar System models... Page 10 The Moon... Pages Dead famous... Pages Stellar spreadsheets... Pages Artificial and Natural satellites... Page 20 Orits... Page 21 Word search 2... Page 22 Crossword... Page 23 gothemonkey 2015 Illustrations y Ron Lieshman ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. This ook contains material protected under International and Federal Copyright Laws and Treaties. Any unauthorised reprint or use of this material is prohiited. No part of this ook may e reproduced or transmitted in any form or y any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or y any information storage and retrieval system without express written permission from the author. 1

3 Vocaulary 1. Match the word on the left with its correct definition. For example he numer 1 [Gravity] would match with the letter h [The force that attracts a ody towards the centre of the earth, or towards any other celestial ody which has mass.]. Once you've decoded the matching item write it in the tale underneath. The first one has een done for you. Words Meanings 1 Gravity a To move in a circular motion around a central point. 2 Mass 3 Weight c The path a celestial ody or artificial satellite takes as it moves around another celestial ody. A celestial ody oriting around a planet, dwarf planet, asteroid or star. 4 Natural satellite d The force of gravity acting on an oject measured in Newtons [N]. 5 Artificial satellite e To move in a circular motion around a central oject. 6 Orit f 7 Rotation g 8 Revolution h The amount of matter a sustance contains measured in kilograms [kg]. A human-made device oriting around the earth or other celestial ody. The force that attracts a ody towards the centre of the Earth, or towards any other celestial ody which has mass h 2. Tick the statement elow as either True or False. a]. The Earth revolves on its own axis. True False ]. The Moon revolves around the Earth. True False c]. Mass is measured in kilograms. True False d]. Weight is measured in kilograms. True False e]. The International Space Station is an artificial satellite. True False 2

4 Down with gravity 1. The concept of down is different depending on where on the Earth you happen to e. Dr Spock has travelled around the world. Draw arrows on the picture elow to indicate which way is down for each of the places Dr Spock visited. 2. The force of gravity acting on you is known as your weight and is measured in newtons [N]. Your mass is the amount of matter you are actually made of measured in kilograms [kg]. The gravitational field strength on the Earth is g = 10 N/kg. Using the following formula for weight, calculate the weights of the people and ojects elow on the Earth. weight = mass [kg] x gravitational field strength [N/kg] a]. The International Space Station [ kg]:... ]. A Lunar Roving Vehicle [210 kg]:... c]. An astronaut [90 kg]:. d]. A Formula 1 car [500 kg]:.. e]. The Space Shuttle [ kg]:... f]. A 380 Air Bus [ kg]:. g]. A caron fier ike [8 kg]:... h]. The RMS Titanic [ kg]:... 3

5 Word search 1 1. Unscramle the words in the oxes elow and then find all of the words in the word search. Words may e horizontal, vertical or diagonal - in any direction. The first one has een done for you. L K H T F C D A Z X C V O K O G Y H N V D S Q Z V R M N H J R P I U T R E W B L H F Z X C A U B N M P I R G F S N M K F V B V C T X Z P L M O J H G F I P R B X F K T B I A S D R O T K L P Y G H M T K N G R D C Y Z X C S G F U L I H G F C S E W Q A I D L B N O I T A T O R H G E F O P I J N B G R E D X C W N V F S A T E L L I T E W S X E P U T R E S C V B G U I Q R C S S A M V C D S Z A H J VITGRAY SMAS GEWTIH LETLETSAI BITOR TORAINOT NEVULOTIOR GRAVITY 2. Valentina uses a set of athroom scales to measure her mass. She discovers that she has a mass of 55 kg. a]. Write the formula used to calculate weight in the spaces elow. weight = x ]. Calculate Valentina s weight:.. c]. What would Valentina s mass e on the Moon [Tick the correct answer]? i]. 110 kg ii]. 55 kg iii]. 25 kg iv]. 200 kg d]. What would Valentina s mass e on Mars [Tick the correct answer]? i]. 220 kg ii]. 27 kg iii]. 225 kg iv]. 55 kg 4

6 Weight 1. The gravitational field strength on the surface of the Moon is 1.6 N/kg. Calculate the weight of the following on the Earth and on the Moon. ai]. An elephant on the Earth [4 000 kg]:... aii]. An elephant on the Moon [4 000 kg]:... i]. An F16 jet fighter on the Earth [4 000 kg]:... ii]. An F16 jet fighter on the Moon [4 000 kg]: The gravitational field strength on the surface of Mars is 3.8 N/kg. Calculate the weight of the following on the Earth and on Mars. ai]. A school us on the Earth [4 500 kg]:... aii]. A school us on Mars [4 500 kg]:... ]. The Space Shuttle on Mars [ kg]: Complete the tale elow y calculating the weight of a teenager for each of the planets listed elow. The first one has een done for you. Planet Gravitational field strength [N/kg] Average mass of teenager [kg] Weight [N] Mercury Venus 9 45 Mars 4 45 Jupiter Saturn Uranus Neptune

7 Gravity 1. Using the formula elow to complete the tale underneath y calculating the missing values. The first one has een done for you. gravitational field strength [g] = mass [m] / weight [w] Where: g = N/kg m = kg w = N Planet Gravitational field strength [N/kg] Mass [kg] Weight [N] Mercury Venus Mars 8 32 Jupiter Saturn Uranus Neptune Complete the question elow on mass and weight. a]. If your mass was 80 kg on Jupiter, what would it e on Neptune?... ]. What is your weight on Jupiter?... c]. Briefly explain why your mass and weight are different on Jupiter

Gravitational attraction Gravity is the force of attraction etween two masses. The force of gravity is stronger under the following two conditions: i].

8 Gravitational attraction Gravity is the force of attraction etween two masses. The force of gravity is stronger under the following two conditions: i]. The larger the mass of the ojects the greater the gravitational force. ii]. The closer the ojects are together the greater the gravitational force. 1. Study the three diagrams elow of a planet and a spacecraft. A B C a]. Which one of the three situations aove would experience the greatest gravitational force? Situation A Situation B Situation C Briefly explain your answer: ]. Which one of the three situations aove would experience the least gravitational force? Situation A Situation B Situation C Briefly explain your answer: 2. State the relationship etween mass and gravitational force... 7

9 Gravitational attraction Rememer that gravity is the force of attraction etween two masses. The force of gravity is stronger under the following two conditions: i]. The larger the mass of the ojects the greater the gravitational force. ii]. The closer the ojects are together the greater the gravitational force. 1. Study the three diagrams elow of two planets. A B C a]. Which one of the three situations aove would experience the greatest gravitational force? Situation A Situation B Situation C Briefly explain your answer: ]. Which one of the three situations aove would experience the least gravitational force? Situation A Situation B Situation C Briefly explain your answer: 2. State the relationship etween mass and gravitational force... 8

10 Gravitational attraction 1. The diagram elow show the trajectory taken y a spacecraft leaving the Earth and landing on the Moon. Study the diagram and then answer the questions which follow. c d a Not to scale. a]. At which point would the gravitational force on the spacecraft e the greatest? Point a Point Point c Point d Briefly explain your answer:... ]. At which point would the gravitational force on the spacecraft e zero? Point a Point Point c Point d Briefly explain your answer: c]. Briefly explain why there is a difference in the gravitational force at point a and point d as they are oth on the surface of either the Earth and the Moon.... 9

11 Solar System models 1. The diagram elow shows the geocentric model of the Solar System. Use the words elow to complete the paragraph which explains this model. Key E = Earth Mo = Earth s moon Me = Mercury J Me M a Greco-Roman astronomer who lived in Alexandria, developed a model to explain how the planets and other V= Venus M= Mars J= Jupiter S = Saturn S V E Mo Sun celestial odies move around the This model descried the as eing at the centre of the Universe with all other. Not to scale. oriting around it. 2. The diagram elow shows the heliocentric model of the Solar System. Use the words elow to complete the paragraph which explains this model. Key The astronomer E = Earth Mo = Earth s moon Me = Mercury V= Venus M= Mars J= Jupiter S = Saturn J S V Me Mo Sun E M expanded the model to explain how the planets and other celestial odies move around the This model descried the as eing at the centre of the Solar System with the Not to scale. Earth and other.. oriting around it. 10

12 The Moon Below are four theories on the origin of the Moon. Read the overviews elow of each theory, study the diagrams and then place a tick in one of the two oxes if you think it supports [is likely] the theory or refutes the theory [is unlikely]. Theory 1: Fission from Earth The Moon was spun off from the Earth when the Earth was young and rotating rapidly on its axis [1]. The Moon settled into a permanent orit around the Earth [2]. 1 2 a]. The Earth and the Moon are of similar ages. Supports theory Refutes theory ]. Unlike Earth rocks, Moon rocks show signs of having een melted at some stage in their ancient history. Supports theory Refutes theory Theory 2: The Condensation Theory The Earth and Moon condensed individually from the gases and solid particles that formed the neula which gave rise to the Solar System [1]. The Moon formed in an orit around the Earth [2]. 1 2 a]. The Earth and the Moon oth have iron cores, ut the Moon s is quite small compared to the Earth s. Supports theory Refutes theory ]. Unlike Earth rocks, Moon rocks show signs of having een melted at some stage in their ancient history. Supports theory Refutes theory 11

13 The Moon Below are four theories on the origin of the Moon. Read the overviews elow of each theory, study the diagrams and then place a tick in one of the two oxes if you think it supports [is likely] the theory or refutes the theory [is unlikely]. Theory 3: The Capture Theory The Moon formed at a different place in the Solar System and was captured y the Earth's gravitational field [1]. As a result the Moon was pulled into a permanent orit around the Earth [2]. 1 2 a]. Ancient rocks reveal that the Earth and the Moon have similar origins. Supports theory Refutes theory. The Moon once had a magnetic field similar to the Earth s. Supports theory Refutes theory Theory 4: The Giant Impact Theory The Earth was struck y a celestial ody around the size of the planet Mars [1]. The disastrous impact lasted portions of the Earth and the colliding celestial ody into an orit around the Earth [2], where deris from the impact finally formed the Moon [3] a]. The Moon has many large impact craters suggesting strikes from enormous ojects. Supports theory Refutes theory ]. The rocks of the Earth and the Moon have similar compositions [Made up of similar sustances.]. Supports theory Refutes theory 12

14 Dead Famous Use the Internet to help you complete a iography for the famous astronomer elow. Name of astronomer: Johannes Kepler Date of irth:... Date of death:... What is this person famous or infamous for? Which Institutions did he attend? What awards did he win? Which three adjectives est descrie this person? 1).... 2).... 3).... What examples from his life illustrate the adjectives aove? What kind of effect did he have on the world or other people? 13

15 Dead Famous Use the Internet to help you complete a iography for the famous scientist elow. Name of scientist: Sir Isaac Newton Date of irth:... Date of death:... What is this person famous or infamous for? Which Institutions did he attend? What awards did he win? Which three adjectives est descrie this person? 1).... 2).... 3).... What examples from his life illustrate the adjectives aove? What kind of effect did he have on the world or other people? 14

Select the values you want to apply the function to y clicking in cell B4 and then dragging down to cell B12. Click on the formulas ta. To add a function: a]. Click: the AutoSum [ ]

16 Stellar spreadsheets 1. In the activity elow you will e using Microsoft Excel to analyse planetary data. Open a new worksheet in Microsoft Excel and add the same laels, values and formatting as shown elow. 2. We ll now add some functions to the worksheet. Select the values you want to apply the function to y clicking in cell B4 and then dragging down to cell B12. Click on the formulas ta. To add a function: a]. Click: the AutoSum [ ] icon. ]. Select: Average from the drop down list. a Tips & Tricks To copy a formula to another cell Move the mouse cursor over the ottom right hand corner of the cell you wish to copy. You ll notice the mouse cursor changes into a small lack cross [see the diagram elow]. Now simply right click and hold the mouse and drag to the cell you want the formula moved to. Now add Maximum and Minimum functions to the worksheet. To decrease the decimal point: a]. Select: cell B13. ]. Click: the decrease decimal icon in the Numer group. a 15

Stellar spreadsheets 3. We ll now create a chart to compare the mass of a planet with its gravitational field strength. To select the values you want to use to create a chart: a Ctrl a].

To create a chart: a]. Click: the Insert ta. ]. Select: Line from the chart types on the Insert rion. c]. Select: 2D Line. a c Your chart should look like the one elow.

17 Stellar spreadsheets 3. We ll now create a chart to compare the mass of a planet with its gravitational field strength. To select the values you want to use to create a chart: a Ctrl a]. Press & Hold: the Ctrl key on the keyoard. ]. Click: in cell D4 and then drag down to cell D12. With the Ctrl key still pressed, click in cell G4 and drag down to cell G12. To create a chart: a]. Click: the Insert ta. ]. Select: Line from the chart types on the Insert rion. c]. Select: 2D Line. a c Your chart should look like the one elow. We now need to add a title, some laels and formatting. To change the chart title: a a]. Select: the chart title text ox. ]. Change : the title to Mass and Gravity Comparison Chart y simply typing and then hit the Enter key. 16

18 Stellar spreadsheets To add a horizontal axis title to your chart: a]. Click: on the Add Chart Element ic0n. ]. Select: Axis Titles from the drop down list. c]. Select: Primary Horizontal for the axis position. d]. Change: the title to Planet or Dwarf planet. a c To add a vertical axis title to your chart: a]. Click: on the Add Chart Element ic0n. ]. Select: Axis Titles from the drop down list. c]. Select: Primary Vertical for the axis position. d]. Change the title to Value. a c Your chart should look similar to the one elow. Rotated title Chart title Title elow axis We now need to change the Series 1 and Series 2 key to something more meaningful. To do this: a a]. Select: the Design ta in the Chart tools. ]. Click: the Select Data icon in the Data group. 17

Stellar spreadsheets The Select Data Source window will open.

Click: on the Edit utton. The Edit Series window will open.

(Earth=10). d We now need to change the horizontal axis laels.

The Axis Laels window will open. a ]. Click: in the input ox.

In this case cells A4 through to A12. d].

19 Stellar spreadsheets The Select Data Source window will open. a]. Check: that Series 1 is selected. ]. Click: on the Edit utton. The Edit Series window will open. a c]. Change: the Series name to Mass (Earth=1). d]. Click: the OK utton. c Now change the Series 2 name to Gravitational field strength (Earth=10). d We now need to change the horizontal axis laels. To do this: a]. Click: on the Edit utton. The Axis Laels window will open. a ]. Click: in the input ox. c]. Select: the laels you need from the worksheet. In this case cells A4 through to A12. d]. Click: the OK utton. Finally, select the chart y clicking on it. Then click on the Home ta [a] and change the font to Kristen ITC []. Your completed chart should now look like the one opposite. c d a 18

Stellar spreadsheets Use your completed spreadsheet and chart to answer the questions elow. a]. What is the average diameter of the planets and dwarf planet in our Solar System?... ].

Study the chart and then riefly explain the relationship etween mass and gravitational field strength................ Test Yourself 1. Write the formula used to calculate weight in the spaces elow.

20 Stellar spreadsheets Use your completed spreadsheet and chart to answer the questions elow. a]. What is the average diameter of the planets and dwarf planet in our Solar System?... ]. What is the longest amount of time it takes a planet or dwarf planet to orit the Sun?... c]. What is the weakest gravitational field strength?... d]. Study the chart and then riefly explain the relationship etween mass and gravitational field strength Test Yourself 1. Write the formula used to calculate weight in the spaces elow. weight = x Tick in the ox next to the correct answer. a]. Mike has a mass of 75 kg on Mars. What is his mass on Jupiter? 750 kg 75 kg 150 kg 300 kg ]. On Venus the strength of gravity is approximately 9 N/kg. If a lion s mass is 225 kg what is its weight? 2025 N 25 N 4040 N 100 N c]. How much would a 1 kg ag of salt weigh on Earth? 10 N 5 N 100 N 20 N 19

21 Artificial & Natural satellites 1. Complete the sentences elow. a]. Artificial satellites are different from natural satellites in that they are human... ]. The... is a natural satellite which orits the Earth. 2. Use the words elow to complete the list of uses for artificial satellites. a]. Military... ]. Studying... c]. Forecasting... d]. Gloal... e]. Communications including...,... and... Equatorial and Polar orits Study the two orits elow and then riefly descrie each orit using the following words: elliptical, equator, north pole, south pole, orit, satellite. Orit 1 Orit 2 Type of orit:... Description: Type of orit:... Description:

22 Orits Complete the activities elow. 1. Low Earth Orits [LEO] LEOs are used for things we need to visit in space such as the International Space Station and the Hule Space Telescope. Ojects in LEOs experience some drag due to the thin atmosphere still present at this height. They travel around the Earth at around km/h. Based on this information suggest two disadvantages of LEO orits. a] ] Elliptical Orits Elliptical orits make use of the fact that ojects will travel faster when close the Earth and slower when farther away from the Earth. The time a satellite spends over a point on the Earth is known as dwell time. On the two diagrams elow shade the area where there is a slow dwell time and the area with a fast dwell time. Area of coverage Area of coverage Slow dwell time. Fast dwell time. 3. Geosynchronous Orits Earth In geosynchronous orits satellites remain over the same fixed point on Earth. To do this the orital period of the satellite is the same as the rotation period of the Earth. One rotation of the Earth takes... a]. 12 hours ]. 24 hours c]. 48 hours... so the orital period of a geosynchronous satellite would e... Earth a]. 12 hours ]. 24 hours c]. 48 hours 21

23 Word search 2 Find all of the words opposite in the word search. Words may e horizontal, vertical or diagonal - in any direction. GRAVITY, WEIGHT, NEWTONS, ELLIPTICAL, SATELLITE, TRAJECTORY, PLANET, MOON, EARTH, MARS, SATURN, SPACE, GALAXY, UNIVERSE, VENUS L K J H G F D S A Z U N I V E R S E X C Y T H G R A V I T Y G F D S A Z X C N V U R N B V C X Z S A Q W E R T Y U C E B E C A P S M B T V C M O O N X Z I H W N I E M Q L F H Q L K J H B V C D T V T M O W N W K G T S P I U Y T G D R O B O L P Q B E I R Y W A L H F S R A X P N N K L A V E J D R A J T L K H E Z X L M S J K Z W R H F E S N E E F Z X Q W K L T H J X C T G Y W D X C V L M N G A L A X Y L C X Y F C R F Z X C V L F G J J K T H A V Z U D V Q O G Q X A L I L X H J R G C B V E N U S G T W C S K X T C G H E F I N Z I D B F H F C V D J C K E F G S D T M A O S N G T D F E F H V J P D F R S P L S P Z M E J S J N J G G H R S D A A I K D S X N H K A K M H A H R T A S M Q L J F D A K J L V L H J S R T Y Z S W W L H T L Y U I O P L M N B V T C X A Q E E G P F D S A S A T U R N P O I U Y T R GALAXY 22

24 Crossword Use the clues elow to complete the crossword on gravity and space Clues Across Clues Down 4. To move in a circular motion around a central point. 5. A human-made device oriting around the earth or other celestial ody. 6. The amount of matter a sustance contains measured in kilograms [kg]. 9. An orit for a satellite wherey it remains fixed over the same point on the Earth. 11. A model of the Solar System which has the Sun at the centre and all of the planets oriting around it. 12. The force that attracts a ody towards the centre of the Earth or towards any other celestial ody which has mass. 1. An oject which orits around another oject. 2. The force of gravity acting on an oject measured in Newtons [N]. 3. A celestial ody oriting around a planet, dwarf planet, asteroid or star. 7. To move in a circular motion around a central oject. 8. A model of the Universe which has the Earth at the centre and all other celestial odies oriting around it. 10. The path a celestial ody or artificial satellite takes as it moves around another celestial ody. 23

Science Practice Astronomy (AstronomyJSuber)

Science Practice Astronomy (AstronomyJSuber) Name: Date: 1. The pull of gravity on Earth is a direct result of the A. mass of Earth. B. magnetic field of Earth. C. rotation of Earth on its axis. D. weight of Earth's atmosphere. This online assessment