-Ray Applications. J. Gerl GSI. II Andean School on Nuclear Physics October 2014 Bogota, Colombia. presented at. Gamma-Ray - J.

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1 -Ray Applications radiation and its detection Environmental mapping and remote sensing Security surveillance and landmine detection Medical diagnosis and biological imaging J. Gerl GSI presented at II Andean School on Nuclear Physics October 2014 Bogota, Colombia Gamma-Ray - J. Gerl

2 -Ray Applications Security surveillance and landmine detection Medical diagnosis and biological imaging J. Gerl GSI presented at II Andean School on Nuclear Physics October 2014 Bogota, Colombia Gamma-Ray - J. Gerl

3 Detection of Land Mines 10 8 Land mines layed worldwide! 10 6 additional one s per year! Only 10 5 mines are cleared per year! 1 accident per 2000 cleared mines! 1 Mio. people died since 1975! children are disabled!

4 Mines are inhuman Every 22 minutes somebody is injured or killed by a land mine!!! Gamma-Ray - J. Gerl

5 Mine prodding in practice An APM costs 3$ To remove it costs 300$ to 1000$ A de-miner can clear 2 m 2 of land per day

6 Conclusion on mine detection techniques Main detection techniques: Metal detector Search needles No other technique is really estabished! Strongly varying environmental conditions: - ground (soil, swamp, sand, gravel, rock ) - vegetation (none, grass, shrubs, forest, roots ) - landscape (plain, trench, hill, canyon, mountain ) - climate (tropical, moderate, cold, wet, dry ) - population (rural, settlement, city, dense, weak ) Variety of techniques Affordable techniques Combination of techniques Gamma-Ray - J. Gerl Nuclear techniques may add

7 An alternative: High power X-ray Imaging ComScan 450 YXLON, Hamburg 450 kv high flux x-ray tube pixelated x-ray detector APM: PPM2, 12cm Heavy power generator Truck required

8 Backscatter Imaging with Positron Annihilation Radiation Position detector 511 Backscatter detector 22 Na Source 511 no BS-collimator efficient use of source

9 BS-Detector array Eight NaI(Tl) detectors Thickness: 16 mm Array diameter: Light read-out: 50 cm 3 PMT C 1 2 B 0 A BS-efficiency: > 80% Position resolution: 2 cm (light division) Gamma-Ray - J. Gerl

10 Position-Detector array LYSO crystal Nine LYSO detectors Thickness: 18 mm Size: 50 x 50 mm 2 Light read-out: 8x8 anode PMT H8500 PMT electronics 511 kev Efficiency: > 60% Position resolution: 3 mm (light division) Gamma-Ray - J. Gerl

11 Detector arrangement Shielding of the 22 Na source Backscatter detector Position detector

12 Mine-Verificator (prototype) -source: 10 MBq 22 Na field of view: 20x20 cm 2 max. penetration: 30 cm eff. resolution: 60x60 pixels Position det. rate 5 MHz Backscatter det. rate 500 khz Scaled down singles trigger 500 khz Pos-BS coincidences trigger 150 khz

13 First results Raw data Artefact removal Verification by Shape Density Gamma-Ray - J. Gerl Filtered data Area segmentation

14 Mine detection capability APM covered by wet sand ATM in 10 cm soil Contrast depends on - Soil type and compositions - Soil humidity Gamma-Ray - J. Gerl Scanning speed: 5 50 m 2 /d!

15 Mine detection in the field ATM in 10 cm coarse gravel APM in 5 cm clay mine wrench

16 The Bogota Darmstadt Landmine detector Gamma-Ray - J. Gerl

17 The Bogota Darmstadt Landmine detector First experimental results Master thesis: David Flechas

18 Future plans and ideas Image screen Electronics, batteries New depth algorithms considering the water content and the soil composition are currently being developed Employing the backscatter technique a new light-weight handheld device combined with a metal detector shall be developed Metal detector, - Verificator

19 Position detector Industry: Corrosion control for pipelines Backscatter detector 22 Na Source internal corrosion -backscatter imaging to detect hidden pin-hole corrosion, depositions, obstructions...

20 Scanner based on pulse shape comparison scan a) a) Collimated source

21 Pulse shape comparison scan method based on a position sensitive detector Position sensitive detector 511 kev a) 22 Na Recording pulse shapes for positions (a) and (b) Identical signals at the crossing point. GSI 3D Scanner 22 Na Rotated by 90 0 b)

22 Scanner based on pulse shape comparison scan a) b) a) Collimated source Geometric crossing point: x,y,z b) Common pulse out of data sets (a) & (b) Gamma-Ray - J. Gerl

23 3D Scanner set-up Gamma-Ray - J. Gerl

24 Detector Scan Front view (0 deg): Side view (90 deg):

core in ring 1 ~ 50 ns Extremely important to have an experimental

25 From 2D to 3D: First deep insight into the detector t(ns) t(ns) Experimental Simulated Discrepancy in the risetime values near the core in ring 1 ~ 50 ns Extremely important to have an experimental pulse shape basis for PSA to be applied to the complicated geometries.

26 Summary of -camera applications New -camera principle helpful for Anti-Person Mine detection Additional developments are under way Industrial applications are close to commercialization Gamma-Ray - J. Gerl

tumours high energy tracer (> 300 kev) not

27 Medicine: Cancer diagnosis and therapy Tracers with radioactive isotopes are used to mark tumours shielding detector low energy tracer ( kev) too heavy and bulky!!! -probes are used to localize these tumours high energy tracer (> 300 kev) not suitable for PET tracers PET imaging, e.g. with 19 F[FDG]... useful tools for radio-guided surgery

28 Conventional Low Energy Probe with 99m Tc Collimator Detector Water 1 kbq/ml Tumor 10kBq/ml

29 Conventional Low Energy Probe with 18 F Gamma-Ray - J. Gerl

30 State-of-the-art probes Intra Medical Imaging Ltd. Crystal Photonics GmbH

31 Electronic Collimation Gamma-Ray - J. Gerl

32 Idea of the Method detectors I~(1/r 2 ) R 1,front R 1,back R 1,front /R 1,back >> R 2,front /R 2,back R 2,front R 2,back It follows: Close activity is significantly enhanced

33 Detector array for PET tracers Radiation enhancement determined from count rate distribution No collimator needed 3D sensitivity Gamma-Ray - J. Gerl

34 Our Probe side detector electronics = 23 mm M < 100 g central detector Conical head for easy localization

35 Phantom-Measurements Sphere

36 Phantom-Measurements Gamma-Ray - J. Gerl

37 Probe caracteristics 99m Tc TBR=10, target: sphere with 1.2 cm diameter HP HS CP KS Position resolution: 7-9 mm (cm) Background suppression: excellent

38 Feature of Electronic Collimation Focus 1 50 kbq 22 Na source Simulated data for 8 mm tungsten shield

39 Feature of Electronic Collimation Focus 7 50 kbq 22 Na source Simulated data for 8 mm tungsten shield

Feature of Electronic Collimation Focus 14 50 kbq

40 Feature of Electronic Collimation Focus kbq 22 Na source Simulated data for 8 mm tungsten shield

probe with 511 kev PET tracer electronically collimated probe PET : up to 7 cps/kbq background suppression: - lateral: perfect - backward: perfect - distant: 10% conv. probe pos.

41 probe with 511 kev PET tracer electronically collimated probe PET : up to 7 cps/kbq background suppression: - lateral: perfect - backward: perfect - distant: 10% conv. probe pos. resolution: 9 mm PET : < 1 cps/kbq conventionally shielded probe background suppression: - lateral: inadequate - backward: inadequate - distant: I = I 0 (r 0 /r 1 ) 2 pos. resolution: > 15 mm

42 Tumor identified PET/CT Before surgery

43 Tumor located under surgery UK Aachen, Department of Nuclear Medicine, Department of Surgery

44 Tumor confirmation Activity enhancement confirms tumor UK Aachen, Klinik für Nuklearmedizin, Chirurgische Klinik UK Aachen, Department of Nuclear Medicine, Department of Surgery

45 Selection of surgeries Tumor MBq TBR Comments Heidelberg Pancreas head 40 6 Very small lesion only through probe detected Regensburg Intracardiac metastases 65 8 Metastasis was presumed at different location Barcelona Thorax metastases 184 < 10 5 LN expected from PET, 4 pos., 1 neg with poor probe signal Pisa MC Surgery with FDG and TC LN with weak FDG uptake observed Groningen Spine metastases located, only one seen in PET/CT Maastricht Liver metastases 15 >10 0 Jena Metastasis from GEP NET Very clear identification, superior to US 8 4 Metastasis neither visible in CT nor in MRT

46 Results since locator: High energy PET probe sensitivity superior to PET scanner! excellent background suppression unsurpassed position resolution Clinical applications (so far): head, neck, spine, liver, thyroids, bones, pancreas, thorax, abdomen... using 18 F-FDG, 18 FDOPA, 68 Ga DOTATOC, 123 I, 99m Tc Study of 37 cases of head and neck cancer marked with FDG Useful tool for surgeons: higly sensitive, selective, fast... Gamma-Ray - J. Gerl

47 What next? Hybrid probe Combine metabolic and anatomic information like in a PET/CT system Electronically collimated probe + ultrasound! R&D on going Imaging probe High-Energy probe + optical camera + position sensor Handheld -imaging detector + distance information (+ optical camera) New project.

5-15 MHz -imaging X-position resolution: 5 mm

48 Hybrid probe Ultrasound head Piecoelectric transducer Scintillator array Sonography Frequency bandwidth: 5-15 MHz -imaging X-position resolution: 5 mm Z-position resolution: 5-10 mm Z- penetration depth: 40 mm simulation

49 Hybrid Prototype Development Collaboration with Univ. Hospital Jena, Germany

50 Hybrid Verification -camera Depth resolution < 1 cm

51 Conclusions -Ray detectors have a wide variety of useful applications: -Radiation mapping -Hot spot detection -Landmine identification -Medical diagnosis -... Join our activities,... it is rewarding!!!

Radioisotopes and PET

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