Application of Nuclear Physics
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![1e6 energy [ev] Photoelectric effect e -](/docs-images/96/127011453/images/1-4.jpg "Compton scattering e - Germanium")
1 Application of Nuclear Physics Frontier of gamma-ray spectroscopy 0.1 IR visible light UV soft X-ray X-ray hard X-ray gamma-ray e3 1e4 1e5 1e6 energy [ev] Photoelectric effect e - Compton scattering e - Germanium semi-conductor detectors
2 Why imaging gamma-rays? High energy astrophysics Correlate the detected photon to source object as known from more precise observations in other wavelength Biomedical research Precise localization of radioactive tracers in the body Cancer diagnosis Molecular targeted radiation therapy Monitor changes in the tracer distribution dynamic studies National security Nuclear non-proliferation / nuclear counter terrorism Contraband detection Stockpile stewardship Nuclear waste monitoring and management Industrial non-destructive assessments Determination of the material density distribution between the source and detector
3 Application of Nuclear Physics First X-ray image by Wilhelm Conrad Roentgen (1895) Standard X-ray imaging Absorption of X-rays by bones and transmission through soft tissue produces image What if we want a 3D image? What if we want detailed information on organs, bones and muscles etc? Nobel Prize 1901
4 Tomographic Imaging PET SPEC CT OPTICAL MRI
5 Computed Tomography CT scanning (originally known as CAT) X-rays taken at a range of angles around the patient Generation of 3D images Radiation detector X-ray source Standard CT-system
6 Positron Emission Tomography
7 Positron emission tomography
8 Single Photon Emission Computed Tomography Most commonly used tracer in SPECT is 99 Tc m, 140 kev a pure single photon emitter T 1/2 = 6.02 h. Utilizes a gamma-ray camera rotated in small ~3 0 steps around the patient.
9 The motivation behind the project Existing technology relies on BGO scintillator technology - Limited position resolution - High patient dose requirement. - Poor energy resolution only accept photopeak events. - Will not function in large magnetic field SPECT applications utilizing Compton Camera techniques.
10 Which γ-ray camera to be used? Requirements: Excellent resolution Δx = 2 mm Large field of view (FOV) = 8x9 cm 2 Large FOV of ~20 cm diam. Low spatial resolution cm Small FOV of 3-4 cm diam. High spatial resolution 2-3 mm Gem-imaging.com
11 Gamma Camera: Individual multi-anode readout 16 wires in X axis and 16 wires in Y axis LYSO scintillator d = 76 mm t = 3 mm ρ = 7.4 g/cm 3 Hamamatsu R2486 PSPMT C.Domingo Pardo, N. Goel, et.al., IEEE, Vol.28, Dec Photocathode = mm
12 Which γ-ray camera to be used? Requirements: Excellent resolution Δx = 2 mm Large field of view (FOV) = 8x9 cm 2 Small FOV of 3-4 cm diam. High spatial resolution 2-3 mm Scintillator Position Sensitive PMT Gem-imaging.com
13 Which γ-ray camera to be used? Requirements: Excellent resolution Δx = 2 mm Large field of view (FOV) = 8x9 cm 2 γ-ray Small FOV of 3-4 cm diam. High spatial resolution 2-3 mm Scintillator Position Sensitive PMT Gem-imaging.com
14 Which γ-ray camera to be used? Requirements: Excellent resolution Δx = 2 mm Large field of view (FOV) = 8x9 cm 2 γ-ray Small FOV of 3-4 cm diam. High spatial resolution 2-3 mm Scintillator Position Sensitive PMT Gem-imaging.com
15 Which γ-ray camera to be used? Requirements: Excellent resolution Δx = 2 mm Large field of view (FOV) = 8x9 cm 2 γ-ray Small FOV of 3-4 cm diam. High spatial resolution 2-3 mm Scintillator Position Sensitive PMT Gem-imaging.com
16 Which γ-ray camera to be used? Requirements: Excellent resolution Δx = 2 mm Large field of view (FOV) = 8x9 cm 2 γ-ray 2 γ-ray Small FOV of 3-4 cm diam. High spatial resolution 2-3 mm Scintillator Position Sensitive PMT Gem-imaging.com
17 HPGe detector working principle
18 HPGe detector working principle E = -V V + HV = 4000 Volts
19 HPGe detector working principle E = -V V γ-ray + HV = 4000 Volts electrons holes
20 HPGe detector working principle E = -V V γ-ray + HV = 4000 Volts electrons holes Electric signal
21 HPGe detector working principle E = -V V γ-ray + HV = 4000 Volts electrons holes Electric signal
22 HPGe detector working principle E = -V V γ-ray + HV = 4000 Volts electrons holes Electric signal
23 HPGe detector working principle E = -V V γ-ray γ-ray 2 electrons holes + HV = 4000 Volts Electric signal
24 HPGe detector working principle E = -V V γ-ray + HV = 4000 Volts electrons holes Electric signal
25 Characterization of planar HPGe detector Front view Side view Planar Ge d = 4 cm 22 Na Position sensitive detector t = 2 cm
26 Planar HPGe detector scan Intensity distribution for photopeak events (a) t(ns) amplitude, Φ (b) t(ns)
27 Outlook The GSI system uses conventional NIM and VME electronics, which makes it not easily portable, not easily scalable and rather expensive if one wants to build many of these devices. However, this drawback could be overcome thanks to the increasing technology of electronics, e.g. a new acquisition system based on ASIC, FPGA, etc. technologies. This would also make the system more suitable for medical applications. APV25 chip (from CERN CMS experiment)? 128-channel analogue pipeline chip M.J. French et al., NIMA 466 (2001) 359
28 Position Extraction in Planar Detectors
29 Position Extraction in Planar Detectors
30 Gamma-Ray Imaging Gamma-ray imagers are detectors that separate radioactive objects from local background. Conventional detectors accept gamma-rays from all directions and can be overwhelmed by local backgrounds.
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