In Collaboration with: K. Tanaka 1 and Y. Hirooka 2

Transcription

1 Colliding plasma plumes and their applications for MFE and IFE plasma material interactions A. Hassanein, S. Harilal, V. Sizyuk, T. Sizyuk, G. Miloshevsky School of Nuclear Engineering, Purdue University In Collaboration with: K. Tanaka 1 and Y. Hirooka 2 1ILE, Osaka University, 2 NIFS TITAN Japan-US workshop National Institute of Fusion Science, Japan October 8, 2009

2 General Outline Current PMI Issues & Concerns Magnetic Fusion Examples Inertial Fusion Examples Z-Pinch and Laser Devices Colliding Plasma Experiments Particle Beams Mixing/Erosion Studies Summary & Conclusions 2

3 Experimental & Computer Modeling Research Activities 3

4 Plasma Transient / Instabilities: PMI Key Concerns The major events for surface and structural response to plasma transients/target implosion: (1) Edge Localized Modes (ELM s) (2) Disruptions (3) Vertical Displacement Events (VDE s) (4) Runaway electrons (5) Debris Interaction & Chamber Clearing in ICF Key concerns: Wall Coating/Chamber erosion lifetime PFC structural integrity Plasma contamination Chamber Clearing 4

5 Current Gaps in Existing PMI Theory, Modeling, and Experimental Validation Energy transport from core to SOL & turbulent transport to PFCs (divertor, walls, and nearby components) Mixed materials effects (Be, C, and W) on plasma vapor formation/shield induced formation and response Melt layer formation and splashing Liquid metal surface (Li, Sn, Ga) response to plasma transients and effect on SOL/core plasma Structural changes due to impact of instabilities/debris deposition Droplet and dust formation and transport Dynamic coupling between Core, SOL, and PFC surface during transients Reliability of various mitigation methods in full reactor geometry, for example, liquid metal (flow, splashing, contamination, etc), pellet injection (dynamic behavior of plasma during injection, radiation losses, radiation deposition on nearby components, etc). 5

6 Capabilities of Integrated HEIGHTS Analysis MHD Radiation Transport Plasma/material Interaction External Circuit Energy Deposition (Ions, Plasma, Laser, Electrons) Atomic Data Electrode Target Thermal Conduction & Hydraulics Thermal Conduction 6

7 3D HEIGHTS Modeling Capabilities 3D Magnetohydrodynamics (TVD, PIC, etc) 3D Implicit heat conduction in plasma; 3D Explicit scheme for heat conduction in target 3D Monte Carlo model and Discrete model for radiation transport 3D Monte Carlo model for energy deposition Moving boundaries with receding surface in 3D geometry Multiple beams incident simultaneously on complex targets Parallelized version of HEIGHTS based on MPI 7

8 Vertical target (W part) ITER Divertor Design Dome (W) Vertical target (carbon) 8

9 Modeling of Plasma ELMs/Disruption and Effects on Plasma Facing Components Plasma Hydrodynamic Phenomena Radiation Transport Plasma Heat Conduction Target Heat Conduction Target Vaporization Radiation Transport to nearby components 9

10 Example: Needed Detail Energy Transport during Transients to Plasma Facing Components Initial HEIGHTS Calculation of Spatial Distribution of Particle Flux S, Electron Heat Flux W e, and Ion Heat Flux W i during an ELM 10

11 Predicting Operating Limits of Plasma ELMs for Plasma Facing Components Tungsten Surface Temperature as a Function of ELM Intensity for 1 ms-duration Maximum tungsten surface temperatures as functions of ELM intensity for 0.1, 0.5, and 1 ms ELM- durations 11

12 Divertor Erosion & Surface Fluxes Carbon Boron Tungsten Tungsten Impact energy E = 10MJ Impact duration t = 0.1 ms Magnetic field B = 5.0 T Incline angle = 5.0 deg 12

13 Divertor Erosion & Surface Fluxes E = 10MJ t = 0.1 ms B = 5.0 T = 5.0 deg 13

14 Modeling of Plasma ELMs/Disruption and Effects on Nearby Components! Temperature during ELM with 0.1 ms-duration Radiation Fluxes to Nearby Components during ELM with 0.1 ms-duration More Damage to Nearby Components! 14

15 Modeling of Plasma ELMs/Disruption and Effects on Nearby Components! Temperature during Disruption Radiation Fluxes to Nearby Components with 0.1 ms-duration during Disruption with 0.1 ms-duration More Damage to Nearby Components! 15

16 Plasma Energy Deposition in Divertor Vapor Plasma 16

17 Plasma Energy Deposition in Divertor Vapor Plasma 17

18 Characteristics of Transients Vertical Displacement Events Rare events but very serious effects Energy density similar to disruptions MJ/m 2 Deposition time is much longer about ms. Physics issues: Less/no vapor shielding Surface damage Structural damage VDEs in future Tokamaks can be simulated in powerful electron beam devices. Event Repetition Duration [ms] Energy dump [MJ/m 2 ] Power flux [GW/m 2 ] Disruption Low A giant ELM >1 Hz VDE Low

19 Benchmarking & Modeling of Vertical Displacement Events ITER-like Divertor for VDE and mockups for Laboratory Experiments Marshall, et al., An experimental examination of the loss-of-flow accident phenomenon for prototypical ITER divertor channels of Y=0 and Y=2." Fusion Technology 37, (2000) p Youchison, et al, Round Robin CHF Testing of an ITER Vertical Target Swirl Tube." Proc. 18th IEEE/NPSS Symp. on Fusion Engineering, 385 (1999). 19

20 HEIGHTS Benchmarking HEIGHTS modeling of LOFA and comparison with experimental data. (Marshall, T.D., McDonald, J.M., Cadwallader, L.C., Steiner, D. An experimental examination of the loss-offlow accident phenomenon for prototypical ITER divertor channels of Y=0 and Y=2." Fusion Technology 37, (2000) p ) Experiments and simulation of CHF testing in tube with twist tape insert. (Youchison, D.L., Schlosser, J., Escourbiac, F., Ezato, K., Akiba, M., Baxi, C.B. Round Robin CHF Testing of an ITER Vertical Target Swirl Tube." Proc. 18th IEEE/NPSS Symp. on Fusion Engineering, 385 (1999).) 20

21 HEIGHTS Benchmarking Electron Beam Simulation Melt layer behavior during Vertical Displacement Events (deposited energy density 60 MJm -2 in 1.5 s). Divertor module experiment micrograph and HEIGHTS simulation result. (M. Rodig, R. Duwe, J. Linke, R.H. Qian and A. Schuster, Fusion Engineering, 17th IEEE/NPSS Symposium (1997) 865) 21

22 HEIGHTS Benchmarking 10-mm-thick Be armour response at surface and at thermocouples location. (H. D. Falter, D. Ciric, D. J. Godden, C. Ibbot, High Heat Flux Exposure Tests on Monoblocks Brazed to a Copper Swirltube, JET R(97)04, January 1997) 22

23 Temperature Distribution in Cu and Water Coolant (60 MJ/m 2 Plasma Energy Impact during 0.5s for Structure with 5 mm W Coating) Modeling of Vertical Displacement Events Simulate Actual Design 23

24 Temperature Distribution in Cu and Water Coolant (60 MJ/m 2 Plasma Energy Impact during 0.5s for Structure with 5 mm W Coating) 24

25 First Wall under Heating Be armor 60 MJ/m 2, 0.5 s 25

26 First Wall under Heating Be armor 60 MJ/m 2, 0.5 s 26

27 First Wall under Heating - W armor 60 MJ/m 2, 0.5 s 27

28 First Wall under Heating - W armor 60 MJ/m 2, 0.5 s 28

29 Detail Analysis is Needed of Runaway Electrons Detail Analysis is Needed of Energy Deposition and Structural Response Very Serious! E t = 50 MeV B = 5-8 T Time = 10 ms Energy Density 50 MJ/m2 29

30 Extensive Runaway Electron Deposition Monte Carlo Model Electron-Electron Scattering Electron-Nuclear Scattering Bremsstrahlung Compton Absorption Photoabsorption Auger Relaxation 30

31 Benchmarking --Very good agreement seen [37] Tabata A Atom. Dat. Nuc. Dat. Tab [38] Lockwood G.J., Ruggles L.E., Miller G.H., Halbleib J.A Calorimetric measurement of electron energy deposition in extended media theory vs experiment Report SAND (Sandia Laboratories) [39] Nakai Y Jap. J. Appl. Phys [40] Spencer L.V Energy dissipation by fast electrons Monograph 1 (Natl. Bur. Std.) [42] Morawska-Kaczynska M., Huizenga H Phys. Med. Biol

32 Initial Modeling of Runaway Electrons Energy Deposition and Structural Response Energy Deposition of 50 MeV Runaway Electrons Structural Damage 32

33 Benchmarking HEIGHTS Calculation Maddaluno G., Maruccia G., Merola M., Rollet S J. Nucl. Mater Hender T.C., et al. Progress in the ITER Physics Basis 2007 Nucl. Fusion 47 S128 E = 10 MeV B = 8 T = 1 deg P = 50 MJ/m2 t = 0.1 s 33

34 Influence of Energy Ratio E t = 50 MeV B = 8 T Time = 10 ms Energy Density 50 MJ/m 2 34

35 Idea: Tungsten Layer as Additional Absorber W of 0.1-mm thick E t = 50 MeV E = 0.1E t B = 8 T Time = 10 ms Energy Density 50 MJ/m 2 W of 0.8-mm thick 35

36 Influence of Tungsten Layer Location on Be and Cu Temperature W of 0.8-mm thick W of 0.1-mm thick 36

37 Critical Analysis of Mitigation Methods (1) Dynamic Analysis of Pellet Injection Pellet Pellet Plasma Interactions Radiation Transport Radiation Interaction Near Pellet Path Resulting damage! May be transferring the damage? Wall Melting, etc?? 37

38 Detail Analysis of Mitigation Methods (2) Innovative Design Concepts?? Runaway Electrons: Energetic Electrons Interaction Layered Structure Resulting Damage High-Z Stoppers Sandwich Design, etc?? ELMs/Disruptions: Sacrificial Low-Z layer Porous Structure with Liquid Metal B-W mixture (Wong s concept-ga) etc?? 38

39 Detail Analysis of Mitigation Methods (3) Liquid Metal Protection Plasma Liquid Interaction Effect on SOL MHD Effects Li Vapor/Plasma Expansion during ELMs Back Diffusion Through Private Flux Zone Plasma Contaminations 39

40 Liquid/Melt Splashing & Shielding Mechanisms During the intense power deposition on a target material (i.e. divertor, ICF walls), the vapor cloud is formed above the bombarded surfaces. photon Plasma Particles (Ions + Electrons) Radiation Power VAPOR CLOUD photon x W o W(x) Macroscopic particles emitted into the vapor cloud will significantly alter the hydrodynamic evolution of the vapor plasma/recondensation and chamber clearing in ICF. R(x) droplet R o 0 W s Liquid-Metal Layer on Divertor Plate W, R 40

41 Evolution and lifetime of a macroscopic droplet moving in vapor cloud 50 Velocity, m/s Lithium Vapor Time = 400 µs -100 Droplet Velocity and Radius Droplet 10 µm Radius, µm Life Vapor Droplet Age, µs Distance above divertor surface, cm 41

42 Schematic Illustration of Vapor Diffusion in Lower Region of Divertor Plate Core Plasma X-point DT Cloud B Li Vapor Y X DOME Diffusing Li Vapor 42

43 Mitigations of Disruptions and ELMs: Liquid Metals as PFCs Contaminations! HEIGHTS Initial Analysis of Spatial Distribution of Li Vapor Diffusion fusion to X-pointX 43

44 Tungsten Surface Response to Giant ELM as a Function of Neon Gas Density Above the Surface 44

45 Modeling of Chamber Wall Response to Target Implosion in Inertial Fusion Reactors VAPOR First Wall Target Fragments Depositions Incident Beam Structure Detailed energy deposition Thermal evolution Melting/phase change Evaporation/sublimation Physical sputtering Chemical sputtering Radiation enhanced sublimation X-rays Neutrons Ion Debris Laser 45

46 Ion Spectra NRL Direct drive target, 154 MJ Fast Ions Debris Ions 46

47 Surface Temperature 47

48 Modeling of surface material response on impact of Laser, X-rays X and ions in IFE reactors No gas 0.05 torr 0.5 torr Carbon surface temperature Gas filled cavity 48

49 Calculation of Absorption Coefficient of Xenon Plasma 49

50 Calculation of Absorption Coefficient of Xenon Plasma 50

51 Calculation of Time-Dependent Reemitted Radiation Flux 51

52 Time-Dependent Calculations of Xe Gas Temperature at P = 50 mtorr 52

53 HEIGHTS simulation of erosion Xe gas filled cavity 0.05 torr 0.5 torr 0.5 torr No gas 0.05 torr No gas Incident Physical 0.05 torr No gas 0.05 torr 0.5 torr No gas 0.5 torr Chemical RES 53

54 HEIGHTS calculation of graphite and tungsten wall erosion Graphite Tungsten 54

55 HEIGHTS calculation graphite and tungsten wall erosion, cont. Graphite Tungsten 55

56 Modeling & Experiments on Colliding Plasmas for Modeling & Experiments on Magnetic & Inertial Fusion Applications VAPOR First Wall Incident Beam Target Fragments Depositions Structure X-rays Neutrons Ion Debris Laser More Damage to Nearby Components! 56

57 CMUXE Experimental facilities at Purdue Laser Produced Plasma (LPP) facilities 57

58 CMUXE Experimental facilities at Purdue Surface Science Facilities 58

59 LPP Experimental Set Up Lasers: CO 2 laser ( L = 10.6 m, E max = 1J, ns variable with plasma shutter) Nd:YAG (0.6 J max energy, 8 ns FWHM, L = 1064, 532 & 266 nm) Alexandrite (E max = 1.3 J; ns FWHM variable; L = tunable) EUV Diagnostics: Transmission grating spectrograph (5-20 nm), calibrated in-band energy meter, EUV Pinhole camera, Faraday cup 59

60 Multiple Laser-on on-target Capabilities & Benchmarking of HEIGHTS Package MHD MHD Radiation Radiation Transport Transport Plasma/material Interaction Plasma/material Interaction External Circuit External Circuit Energy Deposition (Ions, Plasma, Laser, Electrons) Atomic Data Atomic Data Electrode Thermal Electrode Target Conduction & Hydraulics Thermal Conduction & Hydraulics Thermal Conduction & Hydraulics 60

61 Benchmarking of HEIGHTS with Experiments (1) Livermore Laboratory Livermore (US) 61

62 Target Heat and Mass Transport Laser beam: 10 ns FWHM; m; 0.4 TW/cm 2 ; 60 m spot size. 62

63 Target Heat and Mass Transport Laser beam: 10 ns FWHM; m; 0.4 TW/cm 2 ; 60 m spot size. 63

64 Benchmarking (2) UCSD Laboratory Laser beam: 8 ns FWHM; m; 2 GW/cm 2 ; 1 mm spot size Laser beam: 10 ns FWHM; m; 0.4 TW/cm 2 ; 60 m spot size * S.S. Harilal, B. O'Shay, M.S. Tillack, and M. V. Mathew "Spectroscopic characterization of laser-induced tin plasma." J. Appl. Phys. 98, (2005) p * B. O'Shay, F. Najmabadi, S.S. Harilal and M.S. Tillack Nanosecond spectroscopy of expanding laser-produced tin plasma." Journal of Physics 59, (2007) p

65 Experiment & Modeling Validation (3) CMUXE Laboratory Tin 65

66 Multi-Laser Interactions Target: Sn droplet 100 m 3 Lasers with direction angles: z-axial angle angle between lasers (120 ) Laser parameters: spot on target 100 m pulse duration 10 ns square in time Gaussian in space 66

67 Density (a), Temperature (b), and Velocity (c) of tin plasma in x-z plane exposed to three laser beams 67

68 Temperature and Radiation Fluxes 68

69 Temperature and Radiation Fluxes 69

70 EUV Radiation Zone (Multiple Lasers) Target: Sn droplet of 100 m diameter 3 Lasers with direction angles: z-axial angle; angle between lasers (120 ) Laser parameters: Spot on target 100 m; pulse duration 10 ns. 70

71 EUV Radiation Zone (Multiple Lasers) 71

72 Density of Various Tin Plasma Ion Species Laser beam: 8 ns FWHM; m; 2 GW/cm 2 ; 1 mm spot size. 72

73 Density of Various Tin Plasma Ion Species Laser beam: 8 ns FWHM; m; 2 GW/cm 2 ; 1 mm spot size. 73

74 Electric Discharge (Z-Pinch) Devices Electrically discharged sources are potentially the simplest and least expensive alternative for production of soft x-rays. Such devices employ high-voltage, highcurrent discharge pulses to form 20 to 40 ev plasma in gaseous media such as Li vapor, Xe, Sn, etc. The pinch plasma is produced by magnetically imploding a cylindrical gas column. Plasma conducts high current with magnetic field that compresses the plasma and create hot and dense plasma which emits the desired photons. 74

75 Dense Plasma Focus Total Radiation Flux 75

76 Dense Plasma Focus Total Radiation Flux 76

77 EUV Radiation Flux 77

78 EUV Radiation Flux 78

79 HEIGHTS Modeling of Z-Pinch Z Devices 79

80 HEIGHTS Modeling of Z-Pinch Z Devices 80

81 Density Evolution in Hybrid Device 81

82 Density Evolution in Hybrid Device 82

83 Double Pinch of EUV Emission Case ISAN EUVL Group Experiment HEIGHTS Simulation * K. Koshelev, V. Bakshi "Benchmarking Modeling of DPP EUV Sources." EUV Source Workshop, Vancouver, May 25,

84 HEIGHTS modeling - Hollow Beam * V. Sizyuk, A. Hassanein, and T. Sizyuk, Hollow laser self-confined plasma for extreme ultraviolet lithography and other applications, Laser and Particle Beams, vol. 25, N2, (2007). * G. Schaumann et al., High energy heavy ion jets emerging from laser plasma generated by long pulse laser beams from the NHELIX laser system at GSI, Laser and Particle Beams, vol. 23, (2005), p * Kruglov, V et al., The theory of spiral laser beams in nonlinear media, J. Modern Opt., vol. 39, (1992), p

85 Density Evolution in Hollow Beam Target: Sn Laser: Nd:YAG 1064 nm; Pulse width 7.5 ns; Spot radius: 210 m; Hole radius: 150 m; Intensity: 5.7x10 10 W/cm 2 85

86 Density Evolution in Hollow Beam 86

87 Temperature Evolution in Hollow Beam Target: Sn Laser: Nd:YAG 1064 nm; Pulse width 7.5 ns; Spot radius: 210 m; Hole radius: 150 m; Intensity: 5.7x10 10 W/cm 2 87

88 Temperature Evolution in Hollow Beam 88

89 Cumulative Jet inside Hollow Beam Target: Sn Laser: Nd:YAG 1064 nm; Pulse width 7.5 ns; Spot radius: 210 m; Hole radius: 150 m; Intensity: 5.7x10 10 W/cm 2 89

90 Cumulative Jet inside Hollow Beam 90

91 Source of Radiation in Hollow Beam LPP Target: Sn Laser: Nd:YAG 1064 nm; Pulse width 9 ns; Spot radius: 1.58 mm; Hole radius: 1.5 mm; Intensity: 1.x10 11 W/cm 2 91

92 Source of Radiation in Hollow Beam LPP Target: Sn Laser: Nd:YAG 1064 nm; Pulse width 9 ns; Spot radius: 1.58 mm; Hole radius: 1.5 mm; Intensity: 1.x10 11 W/cm 2 92

93 CMUXE experiments of colliding plasma plumes Target: Cu Laser: Nd:YAG 1064 nm; 9 ns FWHM; Spot size at foci: 80 m Intensity at the spots: 2x10 11 W/cm 2 ; Distance between foci: 3 mm 93

94 CMUXE Colliding Plasma Experiments Target: Cu Nd:YAG 1064 nm 9 ns FWHM Spot: 80 m Intensity: 2x10 11 W/cm 2 Distance between foci: 3 mm 94

95 Laser-Created Colliding Plasmas in mini-system (1 mm chamber sizes and colliding starts at ~10 ns) Target: Sn Laser: Nd:YAG 1064 nm Pulse width 10 ns (FWHM); Spot size:60 m; Intensity: 3x10 10 W/cm 2 95

96 Laser-Created Colliding Plasmas 96

97 Electron Temperature and Density of Laser- Created Colliding Plasmas Target: Sn Laser: Nd:YAG 1064 nm Pulse width 10 ns (FWHM); Spot size:60 m; Intensity: 3x10 10 W/cm 2 97

98 Electron Temperature and Density of Laser- Created Colliding Plasmas 98

99 Laser-Created Colliding Plasmas in system with 10 mm chamber sizes and colliding starts at ~50 ns Target: Sn Laser: Nd:YAG 1064 nm Pulse width 10 ns (FWHM); Spot size:400 m; Intensity: 1x10 10 W/cm 2 99

100 Laser-Created Colliding Plasmas in system with 10 mm chamber sizes and colliding starts at ~50 ns Target: Sn Laser: Nd:YAG 1064 nm Pulse width 10 ns (FWHM); Spot size:400 m; Intensity: 1x10 10 W/cm 2 100

101 Electron Temperature Distribution in system with 10 mm chamber sizes and colliding starts at ~50 ns Target: Sn Laser: Nd:YAG 1064 nm Pulse width 10 ns (FWHM); Spot size:400 m; Intensity: 1x10 10 W/cm 2 101

102 Electron Temperature Distribution in system with 10 mm chamber sizes and colliding starts at ~50 ns Target: Sn Laser: Nd:YAG 1064 nm Pulse width 10 ns (FWHM); Spot size:400 m; Intensity: 1x10 10 W/cm 2 102

103 Summary and Conclusion HEIGHTS package integrates models of beam-target interactions, thermal evolution, MHD, plasma physics, photon transport, atomic data, shock hydrodynamics, plasma material interaction, and target damage analysis: (1) Integrated & comprehensive models and capabilities (2) Good agreement with various worldwide devices (3) Very flexible to solve new problems and challenges (4) In-house benchmarking with CMUXE (Colliding LPP) (5) Can significantly help TITAN in modeling & simulation 103