Phytoextraction and Translocation of Cadmium in Saline Soil by Hemerocallis fulva and Dodonaea viscosa Plants

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1 Phytoextrtion n rnslotion of Cmium in Sline Soil y Hemerollis fulv n Doone visos Plnts Ahm A *, Hi F, Ali N n Jn AU Deprtment of Biologil Sienes, Swt College of Siene n ehnology Swt, Khyer-Pkhtunkhw, Pkistn Deprtment of Biotehnology, University of Mlkn, Chkr, Dir Lower, Khyer Pkhtunkhw, Pkistn Deprtment of Miroiology n Biotehnology, Srh University Peshwr, Khyer Pkhtunkhw, Pkistn Deprtment of Biotehnology, Shhee Benzir Bhutto University Sheringl Dir Upper, Pkistn * Corresponing uthor: Ahm A, Deprtment of Biologil Sienes, Swt College of Siene n ehnology Swt, Khyer-Pkhtunkhw, Pkistn, el: 0-70; E-mil: qriyz@gmil.om Reeive: My 0, 07; Aepte: July 0, 07; Pulishe: July 0, 07 Astrt Purpose: Cmium ontminte sline soil hs lwys een prolem for sustinle griulture n environment. Cmium (C) is noxious hevy metl n its o-ourrene with high slt (NCl) onentrtions in soil reses qulity of foo n quntity of rops. For this purposes to serh the slinity prolems in C ontminte soil, its uptke n umultion n its effet on plnt growth n iomss were stuie in two terrestril plnts. Mterils n methos: Different onentrtion of slt, NCl (000 ppm, 000 ppm n 000 ppm) in omintion with C metl (0 ppm, 00 ppm n 0 ppm) were into pots soil, the two plnts (Hemerollis fulv n Doone visos) were grown in it. For ontrol (C) is use hving no mium n slt while the remining three with iverse onentrtions of C (C=0 ppm, C=00 ppm n C=0 ppm). Results n isussion: Plnt iomss n growth were highly reue unr vrile onentrtions of C n slt in soil. Comintion of 000 ppm NCl n 0 ppm C in soil monstrte highest signifint C umultion in the plnts. Doone visos showe high C-ioonentrtion vlue (more thn one) s ompre to Hemerollis fulv hving less thn one. It ws note tht Doone visos plnt umulte mximum onentrtion of C in soium slt thn Hemerollis fulv plnt. Conlusion: Doonee plnt potentilly hyper umultor n showe enough tolerne to high onentrtion of slt uring phytoextrtion of C. It is strongly reommen tht suh plnts shoul e plnte in metl ontminte sline soil n lso for the onservtion of rren soil. Keywors: errestril plnts; Slinity; Soil; Phytoextrtion Cittion: Jn AU, Ahm A, Hi F, Ali N. Phytoextrtion n rnslotion of Cmium in Sline Soil y Hemerollis fulv n Doone visos plnts. Res Rev Biosi. 07;(): 07 r Siene In.

2 April-07 Introution Wter is importnt for existene n survivl of life on erth. he mn of len wter for rinking n irrigtion purposes is inresing with the ever growing worl popultion. he rpi n unplnne utiliztion of fresh wter resoures hve resulte in ontmintion of wter with toxi pollutnts. oxi hevy metls suh s mium enter the wter resoures through sewge wste, inustril effluents n mining ishrge []. Cmium n esily enter the humn oies through rinking of pollute wter n through foo hin []. Insi humn oy C interfere with gene expression, ffet DNA repir systems, ters poptosis n inues oxitive stress; resulting in mge to ifferent orgns suh s the kineys, liver, lung n one mrrow [-]. Sliniztion of wter is nother glol prolem tht hs verse effets on sustinle griulture n environment. Almost million h is ffete y slinity; equl to out 7% of ry ln on erth n 0% of totl griulturl ln on erth [,7]. Beuse of wter n soil slinity prolem n their pollution with hevy metls whih my e intensifie in future hs gretly inrese the nger of hevy metls sorption in plnts [] n onsequently into nimls n ultimtely humns, through foo hin. Continuous irrigtion of rops with hevy metls ontminte wter not only inrese onentrtion of these pollutnts in soil ut lso ompromise the qulity n sfety of foo n onsequently the humn helth []. he remeition of hevy metls ontminte wter requires gret ttention from puli n governing oies to velopment n effetive n fforle remeitive tehnology for ontmintion of hevy metl pollute wter. Plnts hve the nturl ility to sor lmost nything present in issolve form in wter n this ility of plnts n e exploite for the ontmintion of hevy metls ontminte wter. Mny sientists hve se their reserh works on ifferent spets of the proess of removl of metls from wter, suh s the gree of toxiity of hevy metls using hrm to plnts, the use of plnts s iofilters for pollute wter, n iomonitoring of metls [0-]. Doone visos n Hemerollis fulv re terrestril n semi ri plnts n were selete for the ontmintion of sline wtere pollute soil in the presene of Cmium. he present investigtion ws rrie out with the ojetives to evlute the potentil of Doone visos n Hemerollis fulv plnt for phytoremeition of mium from sline wtere pollute soil. Mterils n Methos Mei (soil) preprtion n plnts trnsformtion Soil ws ollete from the herrium of the University of Mlkn, rie in sun light then grin into fine powre form n poure into ly pots ( kg soil/pot). Wter holing pity (0 ml wter/kg soil ), eletril onutivity ( µs 7) n ph (.7 ) of the soil ws mesure. wo ifferent plnts (Doone visos n Hemerollis fulv,) were use uring the experiment. After germintion uniform size plntlets ( m roots n m shoot) were selete for the experiment.

3 April-07 retments given to plnts uring the experiment In the whole experiment Cmium ette hyrte (C) solution were to plnts in three ifferent onentrtions (0 ppm, 00 ppm n 0 ppm) long with soium hlori slt in the mnner of three ifferent onentrtions (000 ppm, 000 ppm n 000 ppm). Whole experiment ws rrie out in omplete rnomise sign (CRD) in the mnner of three replites n one ontrol unr nturl light/rk onitions with temperture 0 C/ C. he following tretments n ontrol (ABLE ) were use uring the experiment. ABLE. Applition of C n NCl uring experiments. C for ontrol is ompre with ll tretments to fin out the effet of C lone n in omintions with slt (NCl) on plnt growth. While C, C n C re ompre with ll other tretments for NCl effet on C phytoumultion. retments Denote retments Denote Growth mei Soil only C 00 ppm C+000 ppm NCl 0 ppm C C 00 ppm C+000 ppm NCl 00 ppm C C 00 ppm C+000 ppm NCl 0 ppm C C 0 ppm C+000 ppm NCl 7 0 ppm C+000 ppm NCl 0 ppm C+000 ppm NCl 0 ppm C+000 ppm NCl 0 ppm C+000 ppm NCl 0 ppm C+000 ppm NCl Mesurement of plnt s prmeters o mesure the plnt prts prmeters, the experimentl plnts in pots were hrveste. After two month n the length of their prts, roots, stems n leves ws mesure through sle., For fresh iomss the plnts were seprte into roots, stem n leves) n weighe through physil lne. Eh prt ws pke in envelope n lelle. he smples were kept in oven for ryness t 0 C for h., After omplete ryness of the smples, the ry iomss were mesure through igitl sle. Wter ontent for eh prt of plnt ws lulte y sutrting ry iomss from fresh iomss. hrough mortr n pestle the rie smples were rushe into powre n pke in smll polythene gs. Anlysis of C in plnt tissues fter omplete grtion in i g from rie smples were tken in onil flsk n issolve in strong is (Nitri i n Sulfuri i in rtio of : ) followe the metho of [] with minor ltertion. he flsks were kept on hot plt for min t 00 C until the white fumes were ome out. he i issolve solution ws oole, filtere into plsti ottles n for rehing volume up to 0 ml, istl wter ws. ml to 0 ml ws tken from eh ottle n exmine y tomi sorption spetrophotometer for C onentrtion in entrl resoure l, Peshwr.

4 April-07 Sttistil nlysis SPSS- n MS-exel (00) n grph p prism to nlyses the t for tul vlue of C. he t ws sujete to ANOVA n the men vlues were ompre y using ukey s Honestly Signifint Differene (HSD) test, t P<0. Results Effet of C on growth, iomss n wter ontent of plnts he effet of ifferent tretments on plnts growth is shown in FIG.. he root, stem n lef length of Hemerollis n Doone plnts re given in (ABLES A, B) respetively. All the plnts showe signifint rese in growth, iomss n totl wter ontent unr ifferent C onentrtions (0 ppm, 00 ppm n 0 ppm). his rese ws highly signifint t the highest onentrtion of C (0 ppm) when the ontrol without C (C) ws ompre with C trete plnts (C, C n C) s shown in (ABLES A, B) respetively for Hemerollis n Doone plnts. At lower onentrtions of C ws not sttistilly signifint s ompre to ontrol C (ABLE A). Similrly, the lowest onentrtion of C (0 ppm) shows non-signifint rese in ll the ove growth prmeters (exept the stem length) of Doone plnt s ompre to the ontrol C (ABLE B). he results showe grul line in growth prmeters in ll the plnts with inresing C onentrtion. Comine effet of C n Slt (NCl) on plnt growth n iomss he higher onentrtions (000 ppm n 000 ppm) of NCl slt in omintion with C signifintly rese the growth, iomss n totl wter ontent of oth Hemerollis (ABLE A) n Doone (ABLE B) plnts when C (0 ppm C in Soil) ws ompre with (0 ppm C+000 ppm NCl in Soil) n (0 ppm C+000 ppm NCl in Soil). Similrly, when C (00 ppm C in Soil) ws ompre with (00 ppm C+000 ppm NCl in Soil) n (00 ppm C+000 ppm NCl in Soil), n C (0 ppm C in Soil) when ompre with (0 ppm C+000 ppm NCl in Soil) n (0 ppm C+000 ppm NCl in Soil) given in (ABLE A, B). he lower onentrtion of NCl (000 ppm NCl in Soil) in omintion with C (, n 7) showe no signifint ifferene in ll the growth prmeters when ompre C, C n C respetively. he highest signifint rese in ll the ove growth prmeters for Hemerollis plnt ws reor for the tretment (0 ppm C+000 ppm NCl) s ompre to ontrol C. Doone plnt showe rese in plnt growth (root n shoot length) n iomss (fresh n ry) with inresing slts (NCl) onentrtion. his rese ws signifint only t higher slt onentrtions (000 ppm n 000 ppm) when, ws ompre with C, n, ws ompre with C, n, ws ompre with C (ABLE B). he highest signifint rese in ll the growth prmeters ws reor in the tretment s ompre to ontrol C. Cmium onentrtion n umultion in plnts Hemerollis plnt showe signifint inrese in tissues (Root, Stem n Leves) C onentrtion with inresing C onentrtion (0 ppm, 00 ppm n 0 ppm) in soil, when ompre C, C n C in ABLE (A). Similrly, the totl C umultion in ifferent prts of the plnt lso inrese s the C onentrtion in soil ws inrese, ut this inrese ws sttistilly not signifint. Slt (NCl) showe positive n signifint effet on C onentrtion n umultion in vrious prts of the plnt (ABLE A). Inresing C n soium slt onentrtion in the soil inrese the C

5 April-07 onentrtion in ifferent prts of the plnt n thus the highest signifint C onentrtion (Root.0 ppm.0 ppm, Stem ppm. ppm n lef ppm.00 ppm ) ws reor for the tretment (0 ppm C+000 ppm NCl). he highest C umultion (mg/dbm) in root (0 mg/dbm 00 mg/dbm), stem (0 mg/dbm 00 mg/dbm) n entire plnt (7 mg/dbm 0 mg/dbm) ws oserve in tretment, while in leves (0 mg/dbm 0 mg/dbm) it ws oserve in (00 ppm C, without ition of NCl slt in soil). Inresing C onentrtion in soil inrese the C umultion perentge in stem while rese this perentge in roots n leves when ompre C, C with C (ABLE A). he highest C perentge in roots (.0%.%) ws reor for tretment 7 (0 ppm C+000 ppm NCl in Soil), in stem (.7%.0%) for C (0 ppm C in Soil) n in leve (7.%.%) for (0 ppm C n 000 ppm NCl in Soil). he tretment showe the highest trnslotion ftors. root-stem n. root- leves) n ioumultion ftor () s shown in (ABLE A). ABLE (B) presents the C onentrtion n umultion in Doonee plnt. he highest C onentrtion in roots (.00 ppm ppm) of the plnt ws foun in C (0 ppm C only) while in stem (.00 ppm. ppm) n leves (.00 ppm.00 ppm) it ws reor for the tretment (0 ppm C+000 ppm NCl). Inresing the slt (NCl) onentrtion in soil inrese the C onentrtion in ifferent prts of the plnt (ABLE B). he plnt umulte more thn 0% of its C in leves in ll tretments. he highest C trnslotion ftor (. roots to stem n. roots to leves) ws reor for the tretment (00 ppm C+000 ppm NCl in Soil). he ioonentrtion ftor of the Hemerollis plnt ws muh less thn one () for ll tretments (ABLE B). he highest signifint C onentrtion in roots (7. ppm. ppm n 7. ppm. ppm) n stem (.. n. ppm ppm) of Doone visos plnt ws oserve in C (00 ppm C in Soil) n C (00 ppm C in Soil) in ABLE (C). he stem showe signifintly high C onentrtion (.00 ppm. ppm n. ppm. ppm) in tretments (0 ppm C+000 ppm NCl in Soil) n (0 ppm C+000 ppm NCl in Soil). While leves possess signifintly the highest onentrtion (. ppm. ppm) of C in tretment s shown in (ABLE B). he tretment (0 ppm C+000 ppm NCl in Soil) showe the highest root to stem trnslotion ftor (.). he root to leves trnslotion ftor (.) ws highest in Doone visos plnt trete with 0 ppm C+000 ppm NCl in Soil (). Also the Cmium io-onentrtion ftor (.) ws foun highest in the tretment (ABLE C). Correltion etween plnt C onentrtion n ry iomss FIG. shows orreltions etween ry iomss of ifferent prts (root, stem n leves) of Doonee n Hemerollis plnt speies with C onentrtion. Negtive orreltion foun etween the ry iomss n C onentrtion in the root, stem n leves of Hemerollis plnt while the roots of Doone plnt possesse week positive orreltion etween ry iomss n C onentrtion ut negtive orreltion present in its stem n leves. From the ove results it is stte tht inresing of C onentrtions utomtilly reses plnt ry iomsses ut ertin plnts showe little tolerne to suh physiologil stress onitions.

6 April-07 ABLE (A). Effet on Hemerollis plnt. C (Soil without C n NCl ition), C, C, C (0 ppm, 00 ppm, 0 ppm C in Soil),,, (000 ppm, 000 ppm, 000 ppm NCl+0 ppm C with eh NCl onentrtion),,, (000 ppm, 000 ppm, 000 ppm NCl+00 ppm C), 7,, (000 ppm, 000 ppm, 000 ppm NCl+0 ppm C). SD note Stnr vition n ifferent letters show the signifint ifferene mong ifferent tretments for speifi prmeter. Length m Fresh iomss g Dry iomss g otl wter ontents g root stem leves root stem leves Root Stem leves root stem Leve s C C C C f f f e e 07 e e e f f e.7.. f f efg. f f efg f f 7 efg f fg.07 fg. fg. 0 fg 0 fg. 0 fg. 0 fg 0 fg. fg fg.0 07 fg fg e fg 0 g.7.7 fg. fg 07 g.7 fg. fg g fg e 0 e. e g g g 0 g 0 g 07 g 0 g g g

7 April-07 ABLE (B). Doone plnt growth. C (Soil without C n NCl ition), C, C, C (0 ppm, 00 ppm, 0 ppm C in Soil),,, (000 ppm, 000 ppm, 000 ppm NCl+0 ppm C with eh NCl onentrtion),,, (000 ppm, 000 ppm, 000 ppm NCl+00 ppm C), 7,, (000 ppm, 000 ppm, 000 ppm NCl+0 ppm C). SD note Stnr vition n ifferent letters show the signifint ifferene mong ifferent tretments for speifi prmeter. ret ment s Length (m) SD Fresh iomss (g) SD Dry iomss (g) SD otl wter ontents (g) SD Root Stem Leves Root Stem Leves Root Stem Leves Root Stem Lev es C C C C ef fg f f 0 f 0 0 f 0 f 0 f 0 0 f 0 0 f f 0 f f 0 f 0 0 f 0 f..7. f 0 f f 0 f f 0 f fg 0 ef 0 0 fg 0 ef 0 0 fg 0 ef.0 0 fg fg 7 0 ef 0 0 fg 0 ef 07 0 fg 0 ef 7

8 Bio-onentrtion ftor retments April g ef 07 efg 0 ef 0 0 efg 0 ef 0 0 efg 0 ef g 0 e 0 ef 0 0 g 0 f 0 0 g 0 f 0 0 g 0 f ABLE (A). Cmium onentrtion n umultion y vrious prts of Hemerollis grown in soil hving ifferent onentrtions of NCl n mium. C, C, C (0 ppm, 00 ppm, 0 ppm C in Soil),,, (000 ppm, 000 ppm, 000 ppm NCl+0 ppm C with eh NCl onentrtion),,, (000 ppm, 000 ppm, 000 ppm NCl+00 ppm C), 7,, (000 ppm, 000 ppm, 000 ppm NCl+0 ppm C). SD note Stnr vition n ifferent letters show the signifint ifferene mong ifferent tretments for speifi prmeter. R=Roots, S=stem, L=Leves. C on. (ppm) C (mg/dbm) Entire plnt C umultion (mg/dbm) C umultion % rnslo tion ftor R S L R S L R S L R- S R- S C e.. 0 C C e g.00 h e.0.0. g.00 efg g.00 f

9 onentrtion ftor (BF) April f.00 fgh e ef ABLE (B). Cmium onentrtion n umultion y vrious prts of Doone visos grown in soil hving ifferent onentrtion s of slt n mium. C, C, C (0 ppm, 00 ppm, 0 ppm C in Soil),,, (000 ppm, 000 ppm, 000 ppm NCl+0 ppm C with eh NCl onentrtion),,, (000 ppm, 000 ppm, 000 ppm NCl+00 ppm C), 7,, (000 ppm, 000 ppm, 000 ppm NCl+0 ppm C). SD note Stnr vition n ifferent letters show the signifint ifferene mong ifferent tretments for speifi prmeter. R=Roots, S=stem, L=Leves retm ent C C C C onentrtion (ppm) SD C umultion (mg/dbm) SD Entire plnt C (mg/db M) SD C umultion % rnslo tion Ftor (F) R S L R S L R S L R-S R-S

10 April e e e fg efg f 0 00 fg 0 00 g fg e 0 00 efg 0 00 f fg g

11 April-07 FIG.. Effet of ifferent tretments on plnts growth. C (Soil without C n NCl ition), C, C, C (0 ppm, 00 ppm, 0 ppm C in Soil),,, (000 ppm, 000 ppm, 000 ppm NCl+0 ppm C with eh NCl onentrtion),,, (000 ppm, 000 ppm, 000 ppm NCl+00 ppm C), 7,, (000 ppm, 000 ppm, 000 ppm NCl+0 ppm C). FIG.. Correltion etween ry iomss n C onentrtion within ifferent prts of Doone visos (A,B,C) n Hemerollis (D, E, F) plnts.

12 April-07 Disussion Cmium ontminte soil reses the plnt growth, n it oul e the negtive effet of mium on uptke of nutrient n their istriution in the plnt ells []. Its umultion in plnts ell my negtively ffet the growth n velopment of plnt y using rese in the enzymti tivities [] n [7] istur respirtion, photosynthesis [], stomtl losure [] n reution of nutrient uptke [0] he present result showe rese in plnt growth n iomss ue to C toxiity. Similr effets of C were reporte y vrious investigtors on ifferent plnts suh s on Cuumus stivus [] Lemn polyrrhiz [] n on Glyyrrhiz urlensis []. Cmium my ffet the root elongtion y reuing wter n nutrient sorption, resing the trnspirtion rte n onsequently resing growth rte []. Slinity in soil n wter proues stress onition for plnts n my le to reution in growth n iomss of plnt []. It ffets plnt in three wys, i.e. y resing its wter potentil, ioni imlne or isturnes in ion homeostsis n its toxiity. Slinity use physiologil rought onition in plnts n uses oth osmoti s well s ioni stress, thus inue reution in growth []. he suppression of growth is iretly relte to the totl onentrtion of solule slts [7]. In urrent experiment slt (NCl) showe n inresing effet on C sorption n umultion within plnt tissues. his inrese in C ontent of plnt might e ue to two mehnisms i.e. exhnge of metls from sorption sites in soil y the tioni omponent n formtion of stle metl omplexes with the hlori nion []. Aition of NCl inrese C onentrtion in the soil solution n umultion in the lef of Swiss hr []. It monstrte tht iovilility of C is enhne unr sline onitions. Humn-inue sliniztion n tre element ontmintion re wispre n inresing rpily. Phyto-umultion, s the ruil entry pthwy for io-toxi C into the humn foo stuffs, orreltes positively with rhizosphere slinity. Orgni mtter reses the ioville C + pool n therefore restrits its phytoextrtion. Soium slt (NCl) showe reution in plnt growth n iomss ompre to other tretments whih might e ue to its negtive effet on proution of enogenous plnt growth regultors [0]. In the present result, C signifintly reue the plnt growth, totl wter ontent (WC) n iomss, the sme result hve een presente y [] who reporte tht plnt growth ws reue y C uptke n its istriution within ells. Aoring to [], C ffets plnt growth y mging memrne permeility n elongtion of ell. Current result showe tht NCl inrese uptke of C t low onentrtion up to ertin level while mximum mount of NCl slt i not inrese the C phytoextrtion. Similr results were foun in the work of [], where soium slt enhne phytoextrtion of C in optimum onition n use toxiity to plnts tht ultimtely ffete the growth prmeter. In this result speilly in hyroponi onition growth prmeter were reue grully with inrese of soium slt, euse slt enhne the trnslotion ftor of C. [] stte tht soium hlori is iologil ilution n improve the C onentrtion with inresing soium slt onentrtion. [], suggest tht inresing slinity inreses mium uptke n the reution of growth hs iret proportion to the soium slt onentrtion []. Slt (NCl) ition to growth mei showe n inresing effet on the C onentrtion in ifferent prts of the plnt. C onentrtion ws enhne y the grul inrese of slinity []. Slinity enhne the hloro-omplex with C whih my le to inrese the trnslotion of C in the ell [7]. A Similr inrese in C onentrtion in reltion with the

13 April-07 inrese in the NCl onentrtion in soil hs een reporte in potto n sunflower []. he C umultion inrese with the inrese of slinity n mximum onentrtions were reporte in plnt roots ue to C elevtion through slt []. hese results re in generl greement with previous stuies in whih mrix rmosissim showe mrke iminution in growth in response to slinity ut no iminution in photosynthesis over slinity grient from 0 mm to 00 mm NCl n it ws onlu tht growth ws negtively ffete y slinity ue to iversion of energy for inrese respirtion n slt pumping [0]. Phytoremeition is right hoie whih is pplile to multi-ontmintion. Lortory n fiel trils hve proven suessful, ut this il tehnique is in ll ses pennt on plnt growth ility on low-fertility soil. While ontminnt onentrtion hs often een propose s n explntion for plnt growth limittion, other ftors, ommonly ourring in inustril soils, suh s slinity, shoul e onsire. In orr to hieve the gol, the umultion of C vi root uptke t ifferent sline onitions were investigte s there is notle evine tht slinity is key ftor in the trnslotion of metls from roots to the eril prts of the plnt. Conlusion Doonee plnts grown in soil s well s in ii n soi soil too ut show tolerne n were foun s C hyperumultors, while Hemerollis plnts ws not hyperumultors of C. he slt of soium, lthough, inrese the mium onentrtion in the plnt tissues ut showe negtive effet on plnt growth n iomss. Inresing the soium slt onentrtion rese iomss of the plnts ut showe n inresing effet on the C uptke n onentrtion within ifferent prts of plnt. From the results it is ler tht the use of sline soil/wter ontining mium metl shoul e voi to use for griulturl purposes euse of higher sorption of C y plnts in sline soil/wter. It is strongly reommen tht plnttion n ultivtion of Doonee plnt is very importnt for phytoextrtion of metls in sline soil n onservtion of rren roks. Aknowlegements he higher eution ommission of Pkistn (HEC) is highly knowlege for funing this projet unr the sheme of inigenous PhD fellowship progrmme of HEC 0 to 0. REFERENCES. Ali N, Hi F. Phytoremeition of mium improve with the high proution of enogenous phenolis n free proline ontents in Prthenium hysterophorus plnt trete exogenously with plnt growth regultor n helting gent. Environ Si Pollut Res. 0;:0-.. Hi F, Ali N, Ahm A. Enhne phytoremeition of mium-ontminte soil y Prthenium hysterophorus plnt: Effet of gierelli i (GA) n syntheti heltor, lone n in omintions. Bioreme J. 0;:-.. Hung D, Zhng Y, Qi Y, et l. Glol DNA hypomethyltion, rther thn retive oxygen speies (ROS), potentil filittor of mium-stimulte K ell prolifertion. oxiol Lett. 00;7:-7.. Joseph P. Mehnisms of mium rinogenesis. oxiol Appl Phrm. 00; :7-7.

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