P=1 atm. vapor. liquid

Transcription

1 P1 atm ar liqid Q

2

3 Gien and P Ser Heat Regin i, P < P sat > sat Cmressed Liqid Regin i, P > P sat < sat

4

5 SEAM PRESUE AND EMPERAURE ABLES

6 Satrated Liqid Line Satrated Var Line s s g g g g

7 ree ables emeratre able at saced s Pressre able at saced P s Sereat able at saced and P 6 Prerties emeratre Pressre Vlme Internal Energy Entaly Entry

8 Slid-Liqid-Gas Pase Diagram

9 Satratin liqid internal energy at 0 C 0. able Base Satrated liqid entaly at 5 C kj/kg Satrated ar entry at 5 C kj/kg K Entaly at 0 C, 00 kpa assme satrated liqid entaly at 0 C 8.96 kj/kg emeratre satrated ar wit an internal energy 96.1 kj/kg 15 C Entaly arizatin at 10 C kj/kg

10 able A-7 Metric, able A-7E Englis, able A-4 Metric, able A-5 Metric, able A-4E Englis, able A-5E Englis, EMPERAURE ABLE PRESSURE ABLE able A-6, Metric,, able A-6E, Englis,, SUPERHEA ABLE

11 w Pase Real Gas Prerties ( ) g g g g g g g x x x x 1 Qality m m x m m m V V V g g g g x x x + + +

12 Qality, x BU/lb x + x ( + x + x BU/lb g g g (64%) g ) 90 Find te rerties F emeratre able A-4E age 880 s b.169 ( ) water at 90 ( g ) s F, 00 t s g g g /lb s s s s + x s g BU/lb R.0161t / lb 00. t /lb g 467.7t / lb

13 10 MPa satrated steam as an entaly 010 kj/kg. Wat is its internal energy? + x 010 kj/kg x x x g g kj/kg EES Prgram x qality(steam,p , 010) x.4576 intenergy(steam, P , 010) kj/kg

14 Steam at 0 C as an entaly 1800 kj/kg. Wat is te internal energy? + x 1800 kj/kg x x.7 + x g g kj/kg

15 SEAM SUPERHEA ABLE

16 SUPERHEA ABLE Entaly at 700 C and.10 Ma 98. kj/kg emeratre at entry and.05 Ma 400 C Entaly at.05 MPa and entry kj/kg C kj/kg

17 Steam initially at a temeratre 1100 C and a ressre.10 MPa nderges a rcess dring wic its entry remains cnstant t a ressre.01 MPa. Wat is te entaly and temeratre te steam at te end te rcess? Entry at 1100 C,.1 MPa kJ/kg K Entaly at.01 MPa, entry kj/kg emeratre at.01 MPa, entry C.01 MPa s

18 Engineering Eqatin Sler - EES Flid Prerty Inrmatin - 69 lids aailable ermysical Fnctins - 5 rerties calclated Eqatins Windw entaly(steam, 00.,P00) sereated ar entaly(steam,00.,x1) satrated ar intenergy(steam,00.,x0.) satrated liqid ressre(steam,00.,x0.) satratin ressre ermysical Fnctins entry intenergy ressre qality density entaly isidealgas temeratre lme Fnctin Argments H seciic entaly P ressre S seciic entry temeratre U seciic internal energy V seciic lme X qality

19 EES FLUIDS FUNCINS

20 able EES Prgram Satratin internal energy at 4 kpa l Pressre able g 11.45kJ/kg 415.kJ/kg l l g g intenergy(steam, P 4.,X 0) 11.kJ/kg intenergy(steam, P , X 1.) Entaly and lme water at 150 kpa and 0 C Internal energy water at 0 MPa and 00 C l l Sereat able satrated 0 l l l l kj/kg satrated liqid@ m /kg emeratre able satrated kj/kg C C C l l l l l l entaly(steam, 15.67kJ/kg lme(steam, m /kg intenergy(steam, kj/kg 0., 0., 00., 500.) 500.) 0000.)

21 Linear Interlatin wit 450 C, 7 MPa) Steam Sereat able mpa Fr te ressre table entry, e desired ressre, 7 kpa, is 40 % te dierence between table ales. 7 MPa mst be at te same dierence All te ter rerties at 7 kpa 0 MPa EES entaly(steam, kj/kg.% 450., 7000) dierence, table and interlatin

22 Linear Interlatin wit 450 C, 7 MPa) Steam Sereat able (5) C mpa MPa MPa B (0)81.4 A m x + b A C ( ) ( 7 5) ( 0 5) kj/kg B C EES entaly(steam, kj/kg.% 450., 7000) dierence, table and interlatin

23 kg ar and 1 kg liqid R-14a is cntained in a rigid tank at 0 C. Wat is te lme te tank? I te tank is eated ntil te ressre? reaces.6 MPa? Wat is te qality, and entaly te mixtre liqid and ar? V V V V Ater eating, V cnstant, m cnstant cnstant x V m 1kg kg m V1 m + 0 C + m.108 m 4 MPa + x x 1 g g.07 m /kg.787(78.7%) kj/kg g 0 C age 84, ablea 11 MPa age 84, able 0 C A -1 Q.6 MPa MPa

24 kg ar and kg liqid R-14a is cntained in a istn cylinder deice. e lme te ar is.1074 cbic meters. Wat is te temeratre and ressre? I te cylinder and its cntents are eated ntil lme is.15 cbic meters wat is te qality? x g1 g at V V m g1 g1.058 m 0 C,.15m.0 m /kg g.1074 m kg, m /kg.058 m /kg.5716 MPa Dring te eating rcess te ressre V 0 C + x 0 C is cnstant (8.4%) age 84, ablea 11 0 C 1 x rerty (rerty) (rerty) g rerty (rerty) + x (rerty) g Q

25 ermdynamic Prblem Sling ecniqe 1. Prblem Statement Carbn dixide is cntained in a cylinder wit a istn. e carbn dixide is cmressed wit eat remal rm 1,1 t,. e gas is ten eated rm, t, at cnstant lme and ten exanded witt eat transer t te riginal state int.. Scematic. Select ermdynamic System en - clsed - cntrl lme a clsed termdynamic system cmsed t te mass carbn dixide in te cylinder C 4. Prerty Diagram state ints - rcesses - cycle Q,, W Q W 1,1 5. Prerty Determinatin, s 1 6. Laws ermdynamics Q? W? E? material lws?

26 Linear Interlatin wit 470 C, 7 MPa) Steam Sereat able MPa MPa MPa Interlate irst at 450 C and at 500 C between 5 and P 0 t ( 450 and 500, 7). between 450 C and 500 C. 7 5 ressre emeratre entaly(steam, 470., 7000.) EES kj/kg, 0 50 en interlate at 7 MPa.4.47% dierence, table and interlatin

27 Linear Interlatin wit Interlate at 450 C and 500 C between 5 and P 0 t ( between 450 C and 500 C. m x + b ( ) ( ) ( ) C, 5 MPa and 500, kj/kg A C 7 MPa) 7 MPa ). B + ( 450, 7) Steam Sereat able 0 MPa 81.4 en interlate at 7 MPa (470,7) (450) P7 MPa (500) C B A EES entaly(steam, 470., 7000.) kj/kg,.47% dierence, table and interlatin

28 Ideal Gas Law nr V R Weigt Mleclar n m Weigt Mleclar mles mass K kmle m kpa r K kmle kj 8.14 R lbmle R lb/lbm R weigt mleclar R R K R, re, temerat abslte - kpa sia, ressre, abslte - mr V R LAW GAS (PERFEC) IDEAL * * * * * CHARLES LAW BLYES LAW ) (1atm and 0 SP gas at mlecles/mle liters. any gas ne(1) mle LAW S AVGADR' C

29 water Ideal Gas R cnstant seciic eat

30 Wat is te mass 1. m and a gage ressre 500 kpa. Atmseric ressre xygen at 4 C is 97 kpa R m gage + atmsere 500 kpa + 97 kpa 597 kpa 8.14kJ/kmle V 597 kpa 1. m R.5981kPa m /kg K r kpa m /kmle ( 4 C K) K kg kpa m /kg alsablea 1 Wat is te lmemass 1. lbm and a gage ressre 500 sia. Atmseric ressreis14.7 sia. air at 14 F gage + V.5047t atmsere lb / lbm R air 8.97 m R 1. lbm V 500 sia sia 514 sia R / lbmle t lb 5.6 lbm R 514 sia 144 t /in 5.6t lb/ lbm R ( 14 F R) als able A 1E in mlar nits

31 IDEAL GAS EQUAIN FRMS - Fr Air kpa kpa lb t lb t si lb t P m R m m t t t t kg mle kg kpa m 8.14 kg mle kpa m.87 kg mle K K lbmle t lb lbm R lbm t lb 5.5 lbm R lbmle si lb 10.7 lbmle R lbm BU lbm R R K R R K R kpa m R 8.14 / 8.96 kg mle K t lb R /8.96 lbm R t lb R /144 lbm R t lb R /8.96/778 lbm R

32 e seciic lme R t e seciic lme kpa m R 8.14 kg mle air / t lb/lbm R R R /lb.8417 m /kg air at t lb/lbm R 14.7 lb/in 144 in air at 4 / 8.96 K.87 kpa m /kg kpa F and14.7 sia ( R + 75 F) /t C and101.5 kpa ( 7.15 K + 4 F)

33 Air initially at a lme 1 m and a ressre 5 kpa exands at a cnstant temeratre t a lme m. Wat is te inal ressre? mass cnstant, R1 m 1V1 R 1 m V 1 1 R V 1 1 m 5 kpa m kpa R 1 V1 R V ( ) 1 cnstant.86 4 kpa m V V m mcnst cnst m

34 SPECIFIC HEAS FR GASSES

35 SPECIFIC HEA C cnst c ( ) d c ( ) c d c d d c sbsistting r d and d c wit same nits and k FR IDEAL GAS NLY d c d c d d c c c c c cnst Fr an ideal gas seciic eats are assmed cnstant By deinitin + sbstitting R + R dierentiating d d + Rd C d + R c d + Rd R k 1 R c

36 IDEAL GAS IMPRVEMENS Entaly,, internal energy,, and entry, s. are nt abslte bt Dierences rm a base. c c c able Base State c able Base State ( ) ( ) d d ( ),c c ( ) ables A -17, A -17 t A -, A - E

37 IDEAL GAS WIH VARIBLE SPECIFIC HEA

38 b) a) able A - a, + 1 e)ees K t1000 seciic eat at te aerage temeratre able A - b, d) ( ) c d, c a + b + c + d 1 8.9( ) +.5( )( ) ( )( ) ( )( ) b)aerage seciic eat er te temeratre range, c)rm temeratre seciic eat, d) ablea Determine te entaly cange,, nitrgen in kj/kg as it is eated rm K (76 C,140 able A 18E, F) sing : e) 4 c a) c emirical seciic eat eqatin able A c, kJ/kg K K kj/kg kj/kg K 1.11 kj/kgk ( ) ( ) 448.5kJ/kg kj/kg K 0,19 kj/kgmle 1756 kj/kgmle 1566 kj/kgmle 1566kJ/kgmle/8.01kg/kgmle kj/kg entaly(nitrgen, 1000., 101.5) entaly(nitrgen, 600., 101.5) c c) seciic eat at rm temeratre 1544 kj/kmle kj/kg kJ/kg

39 PRINCIPAL F CRRERSPNDING SAES CMPRESSIBILIY FACR Z Z is abt te same r all gasses at te same redced temeratre and te same redced ressre were: P Z Z R V mr P R R critical critical ( 0)

40 VAN DER WAALS EQUAIN F SAE a + ( b) R ( - ) a intermleclar rces b lme gas mlecles d a R critical critical critical 7 R 64 b 0 critical critical a critical d b critical R 8 critical critical critical int

41 HERMDYNAMIC PRPERY MEASURMEN ermdynamic rerties are indeendent at r rcess and are exact dierentials. Heat and Wrk are nt exact dierentials bt are deendent n rcess r at. gas real ale r a gas,a 0 r an ideal Jle msn Ceicient c c 60 eqatins time, at a 6 termdynamic rerites d ds s d ) (s, s + s sed wit te First Law

42 J Ceicient cnstant

43 Crse Prerty Srces 1) Ideal Gas Law wit cnstant seciic eats ) ables Steam Rerigerant Air ) EES CD NIS r me wrk cnenience

44 EQUAIN F SAE ERRRS nitrgen

45 NIS Webbk Prerties tt://webbk.nist/g/cemistry/lid emeratre able r Water in.1 degree increments rm 40 t 40 degrees. Select Units Select able ye

46 Select lid

47 Set lw and ig temeratre and temeratre increment.

48

49