å Q d = 0 T dq =0 ò T reversible processes 1
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1 δ reeribe ree d
2 Caiu Inequaity fr an Irreeribe Cye eeribe Cye fr a
3 CaiuInequaity fr a yemed f a reeribe andan irreeribe re irre re Entry Definitin and Cange DEFINE A POPEY S S re irre S S S ENOPY reeribe irreeribe d irre irre d d irre d d reeribe internay reeribe re
4 taentry Cange,S,fr an iatedytem Fr a Fr an reeribe ytem, irreeribe ytem, S S > 4
5 Cmetey eeribe Pre - Sytem and urrunding returned t te rigina tate Internay eeribe - Sytem returned t te rigina tate. Externay eeribe - Surrunding returned t te rigina tate. 5
6 Heat tranfer ar a temerature differene i an irreeribe re. b/e f team i ndened at 65 C by -4a biing at 6 C. m S S S 4 a 4 a 4a team 4a m 45.4 J/e 9. J/g m ISOLAED SYSEM team 4 a team m S m 4 a fg 6 ( ) g/e ( ) ( ) 6.86 g/e ( ) 4a team S 65 C 6.86 g/e fg team C g/e 45.4 J/g J/g J/g 7.44 J/g Ke Ke Ke 6
7 Heat tranfer ar a temerature differene i a reeribe ( an a imibe) re. b/e f team i ndened at 6 C by -4a biing at 6 C. Fr ideaized eat tranfer at a ntant 6 C m S S S 4a 4a 4a team 4a m 57.7 J/e 9.J/g m ISOLAED SYSEM team 4a team m 4a S m fg 6 ( ) g/e ( ) ( ) g/e ( ) 4a team S 6 C g/e fg team C g/e 57.7 J/g J/g J/g 7.87 J/g K e K e K e 7
8 emerature Entry Prerty Diagram ds fr ntant, ds ntant S W in ut net HS L S in ut ( )S H L 8
9 emerature Entry Prerty Diagram Water 9
10 Entry Cange f an Idea Ga Law Send d δq Law Firt δw du δq d d d d du Fr an ideaga: d du d d du d d d d d d d d Fr an idea ga, d d d d - d d d d d d d d du d Subtituting int d d d du d d du d u
11 Oxygen at.8 ubi meter/g and 5 C i mreed in a itn yinder t. ubi meter/g and 87 C. Wat i te entry ange f te xygen? 87 C 5 C.m /g.8 m /g J.69 g K J.5 g K 7.5 K K 5 C.59 C J g K.m /g.8 m /g 6-6
12 Steam at C and Pa ndene in a iter ed radiatr wit bt te inet and exit ae ed t a temerature f 8 C.Determine te entry ange f te P 8 V x f.849 m g 7.58J/g.9 V f fg C f x m g, C.45 m g fg g Ced, ed team radiatr m S S S V S S S 8 C m C Pa Vnt. m.849 m /g ( ) ( ) J K.85 g 6-
13 Ientri Adiabati Pre IdeaGa Ientri, Adiabati ntant ntant integrating d _ d d d d d d d d d, ga an idea fr d d W du Adiabati re Law Firt W du ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) i a ntant entry ntant adiabati re, ubtitute frm ntant
14 U W d ubitiuting, d ubitiuting, d d fr d d d dw du du dw d d ds dv d du d u d d Firt Law du d d Send Law Bundary Wr u rerty definitin rerty definitin, i an exat differentia d d d d w Exame: water umed frm ia t ia ( ) ( ia 5 ia) 44 f/i w 6.4b/ft bf 6 ft - bf w ft 4.6, (ft f fuid) bm 6.4 bm ft ft ft bf BU w BU/b b 778 ft b m Exame: water umed frm Pa t C w w.86 ( ) ( ) w.4 m g Pa, f J/g 4 m
15 Exanin Pre Atua Wr Ientri Wr w w atua ientri a 5
16 g/e f team exand in an 9 % effiient turbine frm 8 MPa, 5 C t Pa. Determine te exit temerature and wer f te turbine. Pt ' C C 8 MPa Pa Pa W ( W.9 ' ' f J/g W W x x ( ) W atura reereibe i e tan aturatin fg ' ) g fg g Pa 69.9 C 9. J/g tw ae Pwer m W g/e 9.J/g 57 KW
17 Wat i te wr dne by g/e f nitrgen exanded frm 9 Pa, 5 C t Pa at an 85% effiieny. 9 Pa 5 C i i i i W W O 7.4 K Watua.85 W atua atua ( 5 7)(.58) ientri.85 g/e J O ( K 7.4 K) i Pa 7
18 Cmrein Pre Ientri Wr Atua Wr W ientri W atua a 8
19 @ Pa, V Pt i. ubi meter/e f -4a i mreed at 8% effiieny frm aturated ar at Pa t Ma. Wat i te diarge temerature and wr? g g g J/g 5 6./ entry rati J/g.6m /g g/e K C i a) b) 6.97 ( )/ J/g by interatin i ( O i W m.8 C by interatin ( ) ) /.8 W.8 g/e i ( ) W.65 J/e.65 KW MPa Pa 9 6-
20 Air i mreed frm 5 ia, 6 F t ia at 85% effiieny. Wat i te atua diarge temerature? i ia.857 i 5 i 5.9 i 6.9 ( i ) ( ) F O 654. η 85% 5 ia, 6 F
21 W Exanin Pre Steady Fw Energy Equatin H ntant atua ientri a V V atua V V a ientri
22 AI ABLE - abe A-, A-E a) ariabe u eifi ( ) ( ) d d d eat fr u, and. d Setin.7, Setin age 6.., abe bae age F, C b) de te,, (tabe (tabe r r ) ) auatin wit ariabe Setin 6.7., age 56 fr an ientri re ( tabe (tabe r ) ) r
23 temerature, K, K, , ( ) K ntant aue, 9 ariabe eifi eat, r Air underge an adiabati, ientri exanin frm 9 Ka, K t Pa. r r r r r ( ) , idea Figure abe A 7 r ga 56 aue, K K K Figure 4-4 abe A -7 Uing Idea Ga Law r r.78 m /g 56.66m /g, aw gie a gd 9 Pa Pa m /g Pa r r r m /g.86. 9Pa (amt n differene. Idea ga ume etimate)
The Second Law implies:
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