|
|
|
- Stanley Gray
- 6 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 جامعة مو تة / 2013
2
3 ب
4 ..... أ
5 (40 ) :. :..... :. ب
6 ( ) : ( ) ( ) ( ) 8.1 ج
7 : ( ) ( ) ( ) : ( ) ( ) / / د
8 / ه
9 / / / # D.S S.S و
10 2013 :. :. : ز
11 ) : (... ) :.(. :. ح
12 Abstract The efforts of Dawoud Abduoh and Michelle Zakaria in Arabic evolutionary School Hamza Ahmad Mohammad Khalaifeh Mutah University, 2013 This study deals with the efforts of Dr. Dawoud Abdoh and Dr. Michelle Zakaria in evolutionary school by accurate follow-up to their linguistic works. This study is a presented in a prelude and three chapters. In the prelude the discussion is about the evolutionary theory including its related basic launching points so as to debate its eminent concepts and idioms and to find out the components of these rules. Also, in this prelude there is a talk-over about the development of this theory and its important influence on the contemporary Arabic linguistic conception. In chapter 1: the concentration is on the efforts and the works performed by Dr. Dawoud Abdoh concerning the evolutionary theory. Here, the discussion takes two levels: 1- Theoretical level which invites frankly to move from description to explanation and analysis besides studying the acquired language in childhood stage. 2- Syntacatical level which is considered as the applied side of evolutionary theory. Abduoh s study focuses mostly on this level. Chapter 2: Dr. Michelle is considered as a pioneer in his efforts of studying the frames of evolutionary theory in the first rules, language and intellect, acquirement, etc. Regarding the syntactical level Michelle s efforts handle the essential matters in Arabic sentence such as linguistic analysis, arranging the elements or the parts of a complex Arabic sentence structure, adjectives and derivations. Chapter 3: Michelle s efforts re-read and study the linguistic legacy of Arabic based on the evolutionary theory. Michelle Zakaria in his study focuses on the two great figures in Arabic language history: Sibawayh and Ibn-Khaldun. As a conclusion the study ends by recording the results of evolutionary language theory and other results related to Abdoh s and Michelle s efforts in the evolutionary theory school of Arabic language. ط
13 : :.. - -
14 :.. ( ) " 2
15 " : : 3
16 : - : -1 ) (
17 : - " " : " ". : - " " : -1 " " " " 5
18 ) :.( -2 : : - :
19 . " " " " " " " " " " " ".. 7
20 .. " " " " 1857 ( ) : ) ( :
21 . " " "Language. (3) ". " (4) "Watson :( ) " 1914 " - (Linguistic society of America) 1924 :.231 (3) (4) ( ) (1903) (1912) :
22 ". " ( ). (3) " " (4) (3) ( ) 1942 :.258 (4)
23 . ) ( ) ( " "
24 ." " " :. " ". " :. (3) (3) (. ) 12
25 ". "
26 . :..1 " ". " " " " " " ( ) (1926) (1931) :.(1948) (1936)
27 .. (grammar) (syntax)...noam Chomsky ( ) 7. (4) (3) (3).11 (4) 1 :
28 (1951) ( 1955). (the logical structure of linguistic the org) : ( ). (3) (4) " " (3) (4) 16
29 .... " (piece in the middle East) ". (3) : Chomsky,piece in the middle East, new york,1974 (3) 17
30 .. (1957) " " ( ) " :. " ( ) : ) :( ) ( ) ( (17) :." "
31 . ( ) :... (4) " ". (3) ( ). : ڤ (3) 1787 ( ) 1788 ( ) (Gottingen) :..169 (4)
32 . :. Deep ) (Surface structure) (structure.. ". " " : " " Z.S Harris (Distributionnalisme)
33 Bloomfield " ". " ( ) ) ( " 1991 (generative grammars). ". " :
34 . " " :. " " : ( ). (3) " : (3)
35 :. ( ) :(Competence / Performance) ( ) :.1 ". " (1965) : " " (3) " " (4). " " (Competence) Chomsky, Noam. (1965), Aspects of the Theory of Syntaxes, J.C. Milner Editions du deuil, p ( ) 3.32 ( ) ( ) 23
36 "- " ". ( ) ( ) " (3). " ( ) (4). " " " : (5). " ( ) 2 ( ) ( ) ( ) 5.33 ( ) ( ) 24
37 " ( ). " :(Grammaticality / Acceptability) ( ).2 " : (3). " " " (4) 1 ( ) ( ) 3 Noam. Chomsky (1965), Aspects of the Theory of Syntaxes, p.17. ( ) 4 ( )
38 (Well Forcedness). (Grammaticality) : ( ) ( ) :(Deep Structure / Surface Structure)..3 (D.S) " : (3) " : " ( ) 2 1 ( ) ( ) 26
39 . " (D.S). (S.S) ) " : ( ( ) (3) (S.S) " S.S : (S.S) D.S (D.S) :(Intuition) ( ) 2.58 ( ) 3.56 ( ) ( ) 27
40 " : ". " (3). " " " " : (4). " :(Creativity).5 (5) ( ) ( ) ( ) 4 : 211 ( ) ( ) 1 ( ) 28
41 . " : (Massages). " ". " " - (3) " ( ) 2.16 " " ( ) 3 ( )
42 ( ) ( ) ( ) :.(The Universal Grammar) ( ). ( ) ( ) : " : Locuteur auditeur. " : : 1 Noam. Chomsky (1965), p.3. ( )
43 " :. " ". " ". ( ) " (3) " 1 ( ) ( ) (3) ( ) " " (1915) (1938).(1957) ( ) : 31
44 . " ( ) :. : ". " : " (3). " ( ).378 : ( ) ( )
45 ". " ". " " " " (3) " " ( ) (4). " ( ) 2 ( ) ( ) ( )
46 ". " : " " ( ) ( ) (Grammaticality) " ".". " " " " " " (3) " ( ) " (4). " ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) 34
47 : :..1 (generative grammar). : ( - - " (productivity) " :. (3). " " : " : (3)
48 . ( ) : Intuitive ". " " : - (3) ". (4) " (3).206 (4)
49 . " القواعد التوليدية: :.(Finite State Grammar).1.(Phrase Structure Grammar).2 " : " ". " (Series of Choices) (3). " (Syntactic Structure) : ( ) ( ) 37
50 The man comes..1 The men come..2 (Men, Man) (The) (Man) (Men) (Comes) : (Come) The old man comes. : Old man comes The men come. (Phrase " " " Structure Grammar) (3). " " ( ) ( ) ( ) 38
51 . " : " ".( ).( ).( ) (3) : 1.94 ( ) ( ) : ( ) 39
52 س( : The man will hit the ball (S) N P (مكون اسمي) V P (مكون فعلي) Det أداة تعريف N اسم V N P The (ال) man (رجل) Aux فعل مساعد V فعل Det أداة تعريف N اسم Will ( مستقبل Hit (يضرب) The (ال) Ball (الكرة) " : (Passive) (Active). " ( ) 40
53 . : (Harris) " ".( ) : -. " " " " " ( ) 1 ( ) 41
54 . " (Optional) (Obligatory) (Terminal (Phrase Structure Grammar) :... (Transformational Rules). " String) : (3). - " 1.9 ( ) ( ) 3.81 ( ) 42
55 . " ". " :(Transformational Grammar). ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) " (3). " ( ) ( ) : " ( ) 2 ( ) 3 ( ) 43
56 . ". : 1 1 ( ).25 : : ( ) :
57 بنية عميقة قواعد أساسية تحويلات قواعد تحويلية: اختيارية/ إجبارية بنية سطحية " ( ) :. " : : 1.(2002) :.66 ( ) " "
58 C + A C B C + B + A A : A + B + C B + A + C C + A + B C + B + A (3) - " : (4). " (5) : " : 1.66 ( ) 2.66 ( ) ( ) 4.34 ( ) 5.64 ( ) 46
59 . " : ( ). " : " "Aspects of theory of syntax"."standard theory " ( ) 2 : 59 ( )
60 . :.(Syntactic component) :.(Semantic component). (Phonological component) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) : : : " "
61 :. :.. ( ) ( ).(... ). +.(... ) -1-2 : ( ) 49
62 .. (... ) :. ) (3). (... :.45 ( ) (3) 50
63 :
64 . : ) S.S : ( ) ( D.S (3). : : ) (4). (... : ( ) (3).142 (4) 52
65 . ). ( : : ) :. (... (3) " "..143 ( ) (3) 53
66 (S.S) : (D.S).. : (3)..13 ( ) (3)
67 "(1957) 1995 " " " : "(1957) (Syntactic Structures) -1 " (3). : (3).67 55
68 " " :....Pinite Stat grammar.phrase Structure grammar.transformational grammar : : 10-9 : Chomsky, Naom, Syntactic Structures (Paris, the hagne 1976) 12 printing, p.p
69 " ". -2 : : (Standard theory) (Aspect of the Theory of Syntax) (Extended Standard theory) 1965 : : : Sub ) + + (Categorical Rules) -1 Chomsky, Naom, Aspect of the Theory of Syntax, 20 th printing (the ( ) M.I.T press
70 (Categorization Rules. (D.S). (Semantic component)..... :... : : Chomsky, Naom, Aspect of the Theory of Syntax, 20 th printing (the M.I.T press1998), p.p and
71 ( ). " " : " " " " ( ) " " "Filmore ". " ". " " ( ) " " " -1-2 :
72 " " ". :.. "Filmore " - - " " " " (3) (3) 60
73 (Case grammar) (the case for case) 1968 : (Instrument +) (Ager). (Place) ( ). ( ) (3). ( ) : (3). 50 : 61
74 (Extended Standard theory) " " Studies on Semantic in generative ) " " Conditions on " : (grammar. "Transformations (3) " " : (T-Model) (Trace theory) " " Chomsky, Naom, Studies on Semantic in generative grammar, (the Hague mouton 1972) and: Conditions on transformations (New York 1973) 1985 (3)
75 . (Move A) "Logical form ". "Phonetic form " + +) (... + ( ) : (3). " ". " " " (4). " (3).404 (4) 63
76 " : " ". ". Binding theory ) Lectures ". : ( ) 1981 (G.B) -3 (and government "on government and Binding " " (Knowledge of Language- its Nature, origin, and use) (3)..182 Chomsky, Naom: Knowledge of language: its Nature, origin and (use(new York praeger: : Chomsky, Naom: Lecteres on government and binding, foris publications, Holland, first edition, (3) 64
77 . : X-Bar Theory Bounding Theory Case Theory Government Theory Binding Theory Thematic Theory (X) ( ) (Minimalist Program) ( ) (3). ( ) (3)
78 A minimalist program for ). (linguistic Theory ( )... (3). : Chomsky, Naom: A minimalist program for linguistic Theory, (Cambridge, 1993, Mass, Mit press) and Chomsky: The minimalist program (Cambridge, 1955, Mass, Mit press).69 (3)
79 . (Economy principle). ( ) (PF) (LF) : (3). " " " " (3) 67
80 (interface level). : " " ) :.( ( ) (Simplicity). (Parsimony) (Reduction) " ". : :
81 : (Spell out ) : : ( ) -1. (movem) (Merge) (Cheching)
82 .. (move) ). ( ) (Agr) (Agreement) -3-4 (3). (Greed). ( ) -5 ( ) (3) 70
83 ).. ( ) (... " ". -.. :
84 .. - " " ( ) : :. -1 ( 1 )
85 :. " " ) (. - ( 1 ).262 : : ( 2 ) ( ) ( ). 73
86 . " "..(3) : ( 1 ).1982 : ( 2 ). ( 3 )
87 . " ". ".(3) " : ( 1 ). ( 2 ) :.1982 : ( 3 ) 75
88 ( ) ( ) " 1.1 ( ) "
89 " ).(. ".. :
90 .(1991).(1979).(1984).(1990).(1990).(1973).(2010) (2 +1 ).(1995).(2005).(2008) " :. "
91 : ( ) ( ).. " : " : ". :
92 . " (3).. ) " : (4). " ( (S.S) (D.S) ". " " " " " (3).25 (4) 80
93 ". " :.. ( )
94 . - (3) (3)
95
96 ... (3). (4). ( ) : /1/ (3) (4) 84
97 . : ". : " " " " (3). " (3) 85
98 . :. " " " ". :.. " " " :
99 ... (Abstract) : (... ) " " " " " :... " "... " : " ". " " : "
100 . " " " " " " " : -. " 3.1 " "
101 .. (3) (3) 89
102 . :. : -1 : -2. : -3." " : ( ) : -4 " " " " :. : -5." " " " " " " "
103 . ( ) : " ".. : : : : : :
104 . " " " " "Bye ". " " ) ( :. (3) (3) 92
105 . : ( ). ( ). :
106 . -4 " ". " " : : 94
107 :"J.Lyons" "S.Ulmann". : (3) (4) (5). (Semantic features) (6) (3) (4).294 (5).22 1 (6) 95
108 :... " " " " ) " : " " " " (... " " ( ) " "... " " : " :. "
109 4.1.. ). (...48 ( ).57 97
110 ( ) " :. " : ( ). (Creativity).. " : bye :
111 : (... ). " 5.1. (3). ( ) :.( ) : (3) 99
112 .( ) :.. ( ) ( ) (3) " : (4). " (5) (3).138 (4).65 (5) 100
113 . : :- - " " " " " -1. " " " ( ) ( ). ( ) " "
114 . -2. ( ) (3). (... ) " - - "mommy sock" (5)...." " (4). " " " " " " " " : (6). " " / (3).40 (4).41 2 (5).43 (6) 102
115 " :. " " ( ). ( ) : : :
116 : " "." " " " : " ". : :.. " " " " :
117 " ". " ". -3 :. " " :." "
118 : " " :. -3 :... (3) (3) 106
119 : : :
120 : ( ).. (3). " " " ". -. (12-9) (3) 108
121 6.1 :. " 1973 ".7 109
122 2008. : " " : -1-2 : : " " :.. : 110
123 " " - - : " "
124 ( ). ) : ( ( ). ( ) (3) (3)
125 ( ) ) ( ) ( ( - - ). :
126 ( - - ) :.. : (3).. :. : : : (3) 114
127 . ( - - ) : ( ). ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) : ( ) : ( - - ) ( - - ) - - ) : ( -. - )
128 ( ( - - ) ( - - ). ( - - ) ( - - ) :
129 - - ). ( - - ) (.. : ( ) : (. ( ) - - ) ( ). : : 105 : ( )
130 ( ). ( ) ( ) ( ). ( ) ( ) (3). : (3)
131 " " " ".. " " ( ) ( - - ) ( ) : ( - - )
132 . ( ) ( - - ). ( ) ( ) ( ). ( - - ) :. ( - - )
133 .. ( - - ) -. - ) ( - - ) " : - ) -1 ( :. (. (3). ( ) : - - :.( - - ).33 ( ) (3) 121
134 ( ) :.( - - ) ( ) : ( ) - : ( ) :. ( - - ) : ( ) ( )
135 . ( - ) ( ). = :. ( ) -. : " : : : : : : :
136 :.. " : (3). (4). : : ( ) (5).. : " : : ( ) : (3) (4).26 (5) 124
137 . " :. " ". : : -2 (3) (3) 125
138 .. : : "... :... :. " : ( - - ) : +. (3). ( ) : ( - ) (3) 126
139 ( - - ) ( ) - ). ( ( - - ) -3 - :. : : ( ) ( ) ( ) (. ). ( (3) - - ) ( ) ( ) ( ) (. ) (3) :
140 ( ) ( ) ( ) (. ) (4) (3) ( ) ( ) (. ) ( ) (4) (3) ) -4 ( ) ( ( ) ( ) ( - - ). ( ) : ( ).. (3) (3)
141 ) - ) (. : ( -. : : (3).123..(2004) : :.23 1 : 5.(. ) : ( ) (. ) (3)
142 ..... : ) : (. ( ) ( - )
143 ) (
144 ( ) : :...( ).( ).( )...( ) : ( )
145 .( ) ) ).( ).(. ( ( ) ( )....( ) ( ) 133
146 ( ) " : ( ) " ". " ( ) : ". " " : (3). " 1.7 ( ) ( ) 2.5 ( ) ( ) 3.5 ( ) 134
147 :. " :.. " ( ) ( ) 135
148 ... :.1 ).(
149 :..3.( ) 2.2 ".. ". " " ( )
150 . " :. ".. : (3). " : (4) ".7 ( ).7 ( ). (3).8 (4) 138
151 . :. (3) : " (4) " " " + ) " " : :... " " (... " " " : " " " " (5) ".45 ( ).45.8 (3).9 (4).10 (5) 139
152 ".. " : " :. " :
153 " :. ". " " : 141
154 " ". " : " ". " " " " ( ) 142
155 . " -. " :. " : (3). : ( ) : (3) 143
156 -...." " " :. "
157 . " - ". " (3) " " (3) 145
158 . ) ( ( ) (3). " " " :.10 ( ) (3) 146
159 ".. (3). ( ) " : (4). " ( ) (3) (4) 147
160 ( ) ( ) " : ( ) " ( ).. ( ).122 ( ) 148
161 / ". (module)... : " : -1 " ( ) :. " :. "
162 .. :... : ( ) (3) : + ( ) (3) 150
163 . : :.. (3) (4) " " ( ).60. : (3).61 (4) 151
164 " " : ". " ) ( ( ) ( ) 152
165 . : " :
166 ".. " : " " (The Logical problem of Language Acquisition) " " (3). " (3) 154
167 : (Universal grammar) " " -4 - " : -" ". ". " ) (3). (Linguistic Aquitsition Device (Universals) " : ( ) (3) 155
168 " " :. " (Beauzee) " " : ( ) (3) " " ". " " (4). ".77 ( ) (3).70 (4) 156
169 " " ". " (core grammar) : Un marked ) (Marked grammar) (peripheral grammar) (grammar
170 ( ) 3.2. " "...5 ( )
171 .. :. " (3) " (4) ( ).20 (3) ( ) (4) 159
172 : " " " " " " " : (3). " " ".21 ( ) (3) 160
173 " ". " " " " :
174 : (3). : المكو ن الا ساسي المكو ن الدلالي المكو ن التحليلي المكو ن الفونولوجي " : (4) " :.15 ( ) (3) (4) 162
175 . + ( ) ( ) + : ". " " : (3) ".13 ( ) (3) 163
176 " " : "#" (3). # #. "#" :.# #.# # (4). ":.( ).1 ( ).2.24 ( ) (3) ( ).24 (3).25 (4) 164
177 . " ". (3)..( ( : ( ) ( ) ( ) + + ) + + ) ( ) ( ) ( ) :.25 ( ) (3) 165
178 + + * ( ) + ( ) +( ) ( + + ) ) : ( + + ) (. (3) : (. + + ) ( ) (3) 166
179 .- :. # # : : (3).30 ( ) (3) 167
180 ( ( + + ) + + ).. :. ( + + ) (3) : : :.33 ( ) (3) 168
181 1 ( ) - 2 ( ).. 2 ( ) : -1 : 2 [ - + ] 1 ( ). ( ) ( ) ( + + ) ( ) ( + + ) ( ) (3) : ( ) ( ) (3) 169
182 . ( ) -4. ( + + ) ( + + ) : (. ( ) ( ( ) ) + + ) ( ) ( + + ) -3 ( ).36 ( ) 170
183 ( ) " " " " هو آلام طاي فة مخصوصة منهم وهم طيء وقيل هم أزد شنوءة وقيل بنو الحارث بن. آعب -2 : (3). : ( ) ( + ) ( ) - 2 : : : : : : ( ) (3) 171
184 . ( ) ( + : - ) ( ). ( ) - : ( + ( ) ). ( ) : ( )
185 ( +) ( ) ( +). ( -) :. / ). ( ) - - ( ).1 : ( + ( ) -1-2 ). ( ).40 ( )
186 . ( ) : :.19 ( ) 174
187 " ". (3). : : + + ( ) ( ) ( ) : ( ).45 (3) 175
188 :. ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( + + ) ( + + ) :. ( ) : : ( ) ( )
189 -. ( ) ( ) ( ) " " : " " " (3) " ( ) (3)
190 : " " ". :. ( ) -4.( ) : ( ) 178
191 + + + ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) : ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) - : + + : ( ) / ( ) - 179
192 . :.. : : ( ) ( ) : : ( ) 180
193 :. + - :. :. :.62 ( )
194 : " " ( ) + + : ( ) : ( ) ).. (... ( ) ) [ + ] :.[ ] ( (3) ( ) ( ).67 (3) 182
195 ). (... (5).. ( ) + (3). + + ( ) (4). + ( ) + : -1-2 : -3 : -4 ( ) : (6) ( ) (7). + ( ) ( ) : -6 : ( ) (3).81 (4).82 (5).82 (6).85 (7) 183
196 : + : ( ) : + [ ] [ ] ( ).. ( ) ( ).165 ( )
197 :. " " ( ) ) ( (3). : : : : (3) 185
198 : : : : ( ) 186
199 ( ) -1 ( ) -2 ( -3 ( + + ). " " " :.158 ( )
200 . " ". " + + : + + : ( ) 188
201 (11-7) ( ). (6 1).10 ( ). :.162 ( ) 189
202 ( [. + + ] : : ) : (3) ( ) (3) 190
203 ( ) ( ) : : ( ) :.. : [ [ ] (3) [- ] ] ( ).100 (3) 191
204 . ( ) ) ( " " ( ) " " : (3) " :.101 ( ) (3)
205 ) : : ( + ( ) : : : " " ( - ) ( ) ( ) ( ) : ( )
206 ( ). " " : (3). + + : + + (4). " ".112 ( ) (3) (4) 194
207 ( ) ( ) ). : (3) (4).128 ( ) (3) (4)
208 . (... )
209
210 ( ) : : 1.3. " " (. ) 198
211 ".. " - " (3). " (3) 199
212 " : - "
213 . (3) : (3) :
214 : :. :. : : : /10/ : : :
215 . : :. ( ).. " : 2.3. "
216 " " " : :. ". " : (3) " " : (4) " (5) " : /1 (3).141 (4).170/1 (5) 204
217 " : " " : (3) " (4).. :.6 (. ) 2.20/1 (3) (4) 205
218 (140) (3) " : (4). " " " " : ( ).88/1 23/1 :.39/ (3).129 (4) 206
219 . " " " " " : / " (3) " / " : " ". " " " " " " " " (4). " (3) (4)
220 " " " " " (3) " :. " (4). ". (6) (5). ( ) " : : (3) (4).190 (5).299 (6) 208
221 . " : :.. (3) (2 )..129 (3)
222 ".( ) "
223 : ( ) " : " " : " " : : : :. " : ( ) ( ) ( ).12/ /1 211
224 ( ) ( ). ( ) : " :. " ( ) ( ) " " " (3) " (3) 212
225 : : ( ). ( ) : :. ( ) : : " " ( ) (... ) ) ) ( ) ( ) (3) (... ( (3) 213
226 ( ). " " ( ).- ( ) " : " : : " " ( ) " ".395/
227 " " " " " : " " " " ". " " " ". " " (3) " ".434/ (3) 215
228 . " " ( ) " ". " " " ". " " ". "
229 ( ) (3)... : (3) 217
230 ( ) (3). ( ) (4). : (3).48 (4) 218
231 :... " : " : 1- Colorless green Ideas sleep furiously. 2- Furiously sleep ideas green colorless. (3). ( ) ( ) (3) 219
232 ( ) "... " (3). 6.3 : " " (3)
233 . " " " " " 221
234 ". " :. ". :
235 . : " " " : 223
236 . " " : " (3) : (3) : (. ) (. ).247 :
237 " : ". " " : " (3). " (4) :. : (3) : (4)
238 : -2. : : -5. : -6 " ". : -7. : 226
239 " ( ) ( ). " ( ) ". " :
240 : " :. " (Perfect) / (3) (3) 228
241 .. : /
242 " " " ". " ". / " " " " " "
243 " " " ". " " " : : ". " " " "
244 . ( ) / :.1.. :.2. : :.3 ( ) ( ) ( ).. ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ). " ( ) ( ) : : ( ). : :. : (3) ( ) (3) 232
245 . " ". " " " " " / " " " " " (3). " : (3) 233
246 " : " " :. (3) " " : : (3) 234
247 " : :. ". " : : (3) " (4). " : (3) 1 (4)
248 . " " :. " " (3) (4) " " (3).97 (4) 236
249 " " : " " :
250 " :. " : (3). " " " : (4) " (3) (4) 238
251 " : :.. " :. " :
252 -2. : " ".. :
253 . " " ". " " (3). " (3) 241
254 " : " : " (3) " (3) 242
255 " :. " " :
256 (3).... : (3) 244
257 ( )... " " " : " " (3). " " " " (4) " (5) (3).31 (4).297 (5) 245
258 .. (3) " " (4) (3).32 (4) 246
259 . " : " : " (3). " : " " (3) 247
260 " " " " ".. (3). : : (3) 248
261 " " " " :.. " :. "
262 " :. " :.. :. " : (3). " (3) 250
263 ... " " " (3) " (3) 251
264 : " : "
265 . " : (3). : " : (4). (5). " " " " -1-2 " " (3).68 (4).70 (5) 253
266 : ( )
267 :. "
268 " (3). " (4) " (5) (6) (3).56 (4) : : (5) (6) 256
269 :
270 ) : (..... ( - - ) ( - - )
271
272 . :
273 ... ( ). ( ). ( )
274 . -9. ( - ) ) ( - "."
275 :
276
277 :(Creativity).. :(Verbal performance) (3). : :(Spell out) " " (4). :(Language acquisition) (5). :(potentiality) " " ( ) (3).197 (4) : 193 (5) " " 265
278 :. :(Productivity). (3). :(Cleaving) - (4). :(Minimalist program) ( ) :(Surface Structure) (5). (6). (8) (7) (3).50 (4) ( ) (5).276 (6).111 (7).58 (8) 266
279 . :(Deep Structure) :(Structural) (3). :(performance) " " :(interpretative). (Structure) (4). (5). :(Trans formation) (6) (3).45 (4).151 (5).206 (6) 267
280 :(Binary Transformation). :(Agreement) : ( ). (3). : :(completivization) (4). (5). :(Characterization) : (6) (3).(2005) (4) (5).53 (6) 268
281 . :(Distributive). :(generation).21 (3) (4). :(Greed).23 (5). :(Sentence) (6) ( - - ) (3) (4).224 (5).130 (6) 269
282 :(Grammaticality sentence).. :(Transformational sentence) (3). :(generative sentence) (4). :(Kernel sentence) (5). :(simple sentence) (6). :(Un Grammaticality sentence) (7) (3).59 (4) (5).265 (6) (7) 270
283 :(Intuition). :(deletion). :(To convert) (3). :(Degree of grammaticalness) : (4).. :(Merge) (5). : : (6) (3) (4) (5) (6) 271
284 + :. +. :(behavioral) : + : + (3). :(form) : :(Agnation) (6). (4). :(Adverb) (5). : :(science) (7) ( ).53 (3) (4).48 (5).18 (6) (7) 272
285 :(grammatical Ambiguity) :(checking).. : (4). :( ) (5). (3). :(phoneme) :(generative capacity) + + (6) : : 66 (3) (4) ( ) (5).41 (6) 273
286 :. :(Trans formational rules) :(Obligatory). (3). :(optional) (4). : (5) :(generative rules).55 : ( ) (3) (4) (5) 274
287 -.. :(phonological rules) (3). :( ) Series of ) :(finite state grammar) (4). :(Phrase structure grammar) (choices (5). (6). :(grammaticality) " " : ( ) (3).177 (4).103 (5).94 (6) 275
288 . (3) :(Competence) " ". (4). (5). :(Linguistique) (6). (Lexicographie) : (7). :(computational Linguistic) (3) (4) (5) :.15 (6) (7) : 276
289 . :(Economy ststement). : (3). (4). :(compound) : (5) : (3).55 (4) 1 (5)
290 :(phrase marker). :(Dictioanry). ( ) :(Base component) :(Transformational component) (3). (4). :(Extranulear component) (5). ( ) (6). :(Semantic component) (3).35 (4) (5) (6) 278
291 :(Phonologic component). :(Syntactic component) ( ).. (5). :(Trace Theiry) (3). (4). : (6) : (3) (4) (5) (6) 279
292 :(Case Theory) :(Bounding theory). :(Binding theory). (3). :(X-bar Theory) :(Government theory) (4). (5). :(The matic theory) " " (6). :(nuleus of sentence) (7) (3).97 (4).147 (5).109 (6).199 (7) 280
293 :(Explication) :(Structural description)
294 :.. 1.(1993) (. )..(2005).1.(2009).1 2.(1998)..(2011)...(. ) ڤ.(. )..(. ).1.(1959)
295 .(1994).2 3.(2000). - 2.(1994).2. 2.(. ).6.(1978).1.(1996).(1990). :.(2000).2.(. ).(2 ) ).(2004) (.1.(2002).1.(. ). 283
296 .(1982)..(1977)..(1995)..(1981). ".(2002) " (1988).9..(2002).(2006)..(2001).(. ).(1992)..(1999). 2.(2001).2 284
297 .(1987).1.(1990).1.(1993).1..(1996).1.(2005). -.3.(. ).(1992).2 : : (1992). 1.(1965)..(1964).1.(2011)..(2006).1 285
298 .( ).1.(1985).2.(1978). 4.(1979)..(. ) (. ).(2000) 3..(2000).1.(1978)..(1990).1.(1992) 286
299 (2007).(1986)..(1981).1 " ".(1988)..(2000)...(1982).1.(1979).(1988).1.(1985)..(2003)..(1979)..(1979). 287
300 .(1986)..(2003)..1.(1976).(2001)..(1988) 3.1.(1982).18.(1983).2.(1983)..(1986). -.(1986). -.(1986).1.(1992).1 288
301 .(1993).1.(. ). 2.3.(1975).(1986).1.(1993). 1.(1997). :.( ). 1.(1985).1.(2005).1 - :..(2004)..(1982)..(2003). 289
302 .(1975).4-8.(1979). 9.(1976).1 2.(1980). 1 2.(1977)..(1999).1.(2002). 1.(1992).1 -.(. ). 2.(2007) (1968).(2005)
303 .(2002).1.(2008).1.(1983)..(1984)..(1997).3.(2001)...(1973).1.(2005).(2010) 2-1.(1991).2-1.(1980)..(1964)
304 .(2009).1.(2004).4.(1995).1.(2004).1.(1984).1.(. ).1.2.(1988).(1995).1 (2005).(. ).(2007).1.1.(1979)
305 .( 1976).1.(1992).1.(1980).1.( 1346)..(1970)..(1963)..(1998).1 -.(1982)..(1985)..1.(1990) 1.(1983)..2 -.(1981).(1986).2 293
306 .(1980)..(1950)..(1984). :.(2008).26 1/ (2008).(1991) (. )..(2010).2.(2004).1.(1981).1.(1984).2.(2005). 294
307 1.(1985)..(1987).1.(2001)..(2002)..(1967)..(1995).1 ( - - ).(1995).1 2.(1994)..(1985). 4.(2004)..(. ).1 295
308 .(2010) (2002).( ).1.( 1420)./10/27.(1981). 1..(1984)..(1994)..(1992).(1993).1.(2011)..(1995) 2..(1998). 296
309 .(2002).1.(1980)..( 2000).1 (1988)..(1990).1.(1989)..(2004).1.(2003).1.(. )..7.(. ).(1982) 6.27.(1987). 297
310 .(1988).1. 1.(1989).(2001)..(1994).1. 5.(. ) :. Chomsky Naom (1981). Lecteres on government and binding, foris publications, Holland, first edition. Chomsky, Naom (1993). A minimalist program for linguistic Theory, (Cambridge, Mass, Mit press) and Chomsky: The minimalist program (Cambridge, 1955, Mass, Mit press) Chomsky, Naom, (1998). Aspect of the Theory of Syntax, 20 th printing (the M.I.T press. Chomsky, Naom, (1976). Syntactic Structures (Paris, the hagne) 12 printing, new york. Chomsky, Naom, (1998) Aspect of the Theory of Syntax, 20 th printing (the M.I.T press), p.p and Chomsky, Naom,( 1973). Studies on Semantic in generative grammar, (the Hague mouton 1972) and: Conditions on transformations, New York. Chomsky, Naom: (1974)piece in the middle East, new york. Chomsky, Naom: (1986). Knowledge of language: its Nature, origin and use, New York praeger: Chomsky, Noam. (1965), Aspects of the Theory of Syntaxes, new york. Chomsky, Noam. (1965), Aspects of the Theory of Syntaxes, J.C. Milner Editions du deuil. 298
Farooq s Oratory Speechen A stylistic Study :
أ Farooq s Oratory Speechen A stylistic Study 2012 2011 ب ج د,,,,,,,, ه - - و 1 2 3 3 4 4 4 6-5 7 8 8 10 12 23-17 ز 24 25 33-26 34 35 - - 38 44 48-36 -39-45 50-48 51 52 53 57 60 62 63 68 70 85 87 89 91
Unifying Adjunct Islands and Freezing Effects in Minimalist Grammars
Unifying Adjunct Islands and Freezing Effects in Minimalist Grammars Tim Hunter Department of Linguistics University of Maryland TAG+10 1 / 26 Goal of This Talk Goal Present a unified account of two well-known
Bringing machine learning & compositional semantics together: central concepts
Bringing machine learning & compositional semantics together: central concepts https://githubcom/cgpotts/annualreview-complearning Chris Potts Stanford Linguistics CS 244U: Natural language understanding
All Rights Reserved - Library of University of Jordan - Center of Thesis Deposit
أسلوب الشرط و دلالاته في الحديث الشريف All Rights Reserved Library of University of Jordan Center of Thesis Deposit All Rights Reserved Library of University of Jordan Center of Thesis Deposit ب ج..................
The Cooperation Council for the Gulf States (GCC) and the Challenge of Unity
أ The Cooperation Council for the Gulf States (GCC) and the Challenge of Unity 2012-2011 ب ج د. ه.. و 1 2 3 3 4 4 4 5 5 : 7 : 8 10 14 14 ز 15 : : 17 23 : : 30 : 33 41 : : 50 : 52 68 : : 76 : 79 : 88 94
Semantics and Generative Grammar. Quantificational DPs, Part 2: Quantificational DPs in Non-Subject Position and Pronominal Binding 1
Quantificational DPs, Part 2: Quantificational DPs in Non-Subject Position and Pronominal Binding 1 1. Introduction (1) Our Current System a. The Ds no, some, and every are type (Quantificational
Nizar Qabbani s Prose in Light of Sociolinguistics
Nizar Qabbani s Prose in Light of Sociolinguistics 2014-2013 ب.. :.2014/ 1 /19 : ج د...... ه الا هداء............ و سرهف تايوتحملا : 1 2 4 5 5 5 6 10 : 11 : 16 : 17 : 30 - : 30 30 33 34 ز 40 42 - : 44
Parsing Beyond Context-Free Grammars: Tree Adjoining Grammars
Parsing Beyond Context-Free Grammars: Tree Adjoining Grammars Laura Kallmeyer & Tatiana Bladier Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf Sommersemester 2018 Kallmeyer, Bladier SS 2018 Parsing Beyond CFG:
Seller's Responsibility absolution from Guaranteeing the Hidden Defect in the Sale's Contract
Seller's Responsibility absolution from Guaranteeing the Hidden Defect in the Sale's Contract : 0 ب ج د. -.... ه.............( ) : و 4 6 6 6 7 7 7 9 3 4 8. : :.. : ز 5 7 9 3 43 45 46 53 56 58 6 66 69 70
Abo Al-Qasim Ash-Shabi s Poetry from the Reception Theory Perspective
Abo Al-Qasim Ash-Shabi s Poetry from the Reception Theory Perspective 2011 2012 ب ج د ه " " و 1 9 ز 41 77 / / 101 103 ح " " ط ي Abstract Abo Al-Qasim Ash-Shabbi`s Poetry from the Reception Theory Perspective
Models of Language Evolution
Models of Matilde Marcolli CS101: Mathematical and Computational Linguistics Winter 2015 Main Reference Partha Niyogi, The computational nature of language learning and evolution, MIT Press, 2006. From
(7) a. [ PP to John], Mary gave the book t [PP]. b. [ VP fix the car], I wonder whether she will t [VP].
![(7) a. [ PP to John], Mary gave the book t [PP]. b. [ VP fix the car], I wonder whether she will t [VP].](/thumbs/93/113837834.jpg "(7) a. [ PP to John], Mary gave the book t [PP]. b. [ VP fix the car], I wonder whether she will t [VP].")
CAS LX 522 Syntax I Fall 2000 September 18, 2000 Paul Hagstrom Week 2: Movement Movement Last time, we talked about subcategorization. (1) a. I can solve this problem. b. This problem, I can solve. (2)
Quantification: Quantifiers and the Rest of the Sentence
Ling255: Sem & Cogsci Maribel Romero February 17, 2005 Quantification: Quantifiers and the Rest of the Sentence 1. Introduction. We have seen that Determiners express a relation between two sets of individuals
X-bar theory. X-bar :
is one of the greatest contributions of generative school in the filed of knowledge system. Besides linguistics, computer science is greatly indebted to Chomsky to have propounded the theory of x-bar.
Sharpening the empirical claims of generative syntax through formalization
Sharpening the empirical claims of generative syntax through formalization Tim Hunter University of Minnesota, Twin Cities ESSLLI, August 2015 Part 1: Grammars and cognitive hypotheses What is a grammar?
Logic Background (1A) Young W. Lim 12/14/15
Young W. Lim 12/14/15 Copyright (c) 2014-2015 Young W. Lim. Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.2 or any
Noon Sakinah and Tanween. Chapter 5
Noon Sakinah and Tanween Chapter 5 Outline Definition of Noon Sakinah Definition of Tanween Al Idhar Al Idgham Al Qalb Al Ikhfa Definition of Noon Sakinah The ن does not have one of the three diacritical
Context Free Grammars
Automata and Formal Languages Context Free Grammars Sipser pages 101-111 Lecture 11 Tim Sheard 1 Formal Languages 1. Context free languages provide a convenient notation for recursive description of languages.
The Degree of Employee Acquisition of News Production skills in the News center in the Jordanian Television
The Degree of Employee Acquisition of News Production skills in the News center in the Jordanian Television 2010 ب : : : ج ( ) / / : : : : : د ه و 1 2 4 6 5 7 8 13 15 17 18 19 19 23 31 34 34 35 : : :
أ
( ) أ * * ( * ) سورة الشعراء الا يات - ٢٢٤ ٢٢٧ ب - محمد أحمد محجوب (مسبحتي ودني) ط ٢ ١٩٩٨ م دار البلد للطباعة والنشر والتوزيع ص ٧ ج ١ د ). (.. ه - سورة النحل الا ية ١٨ ١ .... و ....... ز ...... ح Abstract
(Leasing Contract Ending by Ownership: a Comparative. Study with the Islamic Principles )
" " (Leasing Contract Ending by Ownership: a Comparative Study with the Islamic Principles ). :. : 2010/2009 ب ج .... د ........... ه 1 1 3 3 4 4 5 5 6 9 10 12 20 24 28 28 31................ :. :. :. :
Harvard CS 121 and CSCI E-207 Lecture 9: Regular Languages Wrap-Up, Context-Free Grammars
Harvard CS 121 and CSCI E-207 Lecture 9: Regular Languages Wrap-Up, Context-Free Grammars Salil Vadhan October 2, 2012 Reading: Sipser, 2.1 (except Chomsky Normal Form). Algorithmic questions about regular
Language Modeling. Michael Collins, Columbia University
Language Modeling Michael Collins, Columbia University Overview The language modeling problem Trigram models Evaluating language models: perplexity Estimation techniques: Linear interpolation Discounting
HPSG: Binding Theory
HPSG: Binding Theory Doug Arnold doug@essexacuk Introduction Binding Theory is to do with the syntactic restrictions on the distribution of referentially dependent items and their antecedents: reflexives/reciprocals
Bar-Hillel and the Division of Labor in Language
Bar-Hillel and the Division of Labor in Language On the interaction of grammar, logic, and pragmatics Luka Crnič November 2, 2015 Language, Logic and Cognition Center http://scholars.huji.ac.il/llcc Luka
Languages. Languages. An Example Grammar. Grammars. Suppose we have an alphabet V. Then we can write:
Languages A language is a set (usually infinite) of strings, also known as sentences Each string consists of a sequence of symbols taken from some alphabet An alphabet, V, is a finite set of symbols, e.g.
FAST! Tajweed Intensive Workshop! Rules of Noon Sakinah & Tanween Part 1
FAST! Tajweed Intensive Workshop! Rules of Noon Sakinah & Tanween Part 1 1 Rules of Noon Sakinah and Tanween (Idhaar and Iqlaab) 2 Identifying Noon Sakinah and Tanween Noon Sakinah: When the letter Noon
Minorities and their Impact on the Stability of the. (Iraq s Kurds as an Example)
( ) Minorities and their Impact on the Stability of the Nation-State (Iraq s Kurds as an Example) / / 2010-2009 / ب ج د ه و. : / : /.. / ز. ح - - 1 2 3 3 3 3 3 5 5 8 11 12 12 14 - - - - - - - - - - - :
First Order Logic (1A) Young W. Lim 11/18/13
Copyright (c) 2013. Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.2 or any later version published by the Free Software
Sequences and Information
Sequences and Information Rahul Siddharthan The Institute of Mathematical Sciences, Chennai, India http://www.imsc.res.in/ rsidd/ Facets 16, 04/07/2016 This box says something By looking at the symbols
Tishreen University Journal for Research and Scientific Studies - Arts and Humanities Series Vol. (31) No. (1) 2009
2009(1) (31) _ Tishreen University Journal for Research and Scientific Studies - Arts and Humanities Series Vol. (31) No. (1) 2009 ( ) * ** (2009 / 2 / 18.2008 / 10 / 27 ) ) ( ) : ( ) (......... :. -.
Political Development and its Role in the Stability of the Sultanate of Oman ( )
( 2012 1981 Political Development and its Role in the Stability of the Sultanate of Oman (1981 2012 1434 ه/ 2012 ب ج د ه و 1 3 4 5 6 ز 6 6 7 10 18 23 23 27 28 37 45 46 54 ح 65 66 75 86 87 93 107 108 119
(Ebbels & van der Lely, 2001; (dative shift) .(van der Lely & Harris, 1990; van der Lely & Battell, (Chomsky, 1981; Haegeman, 1994 ) SLI ,.
1 (Ebbels & van der Lely 001; (dative shift : (van der Lely & Harris 1990; van der Lely & Battell 003 : (GB Government & Binding (Chomsky 1981; Haegeman 1994 : (1 (theme (agent : (1 1; 16 10 10 : (Grimshaw
One hint from secondary predication (from Baker 1997 (8) A secondary predicate cannot take the goal argument as subject of predication, wheth
MIT, Fall 2003 1 The Double Object Construction (Larson 1988, Aoun & Li 1989) MIT, 24.951, Fr 14 Nov 2003 A familiar puzzle The Dative Alternation (1) a. I gave the candy to the children b. I gave the
Semantics and Generative Grammar. Quantificational DPs, Part 3: Covert Movement vs. Type Shifting 1
Quantificational DPs, Part 3: Covert Movement vs. Type Shifting 1 1. Introduction Thus far, we ve considered two competing analyses of sentences like those in (1). (1) Sentences Where a Quantificational
INTRODUCTION TO LOGIC. Propositional Logic. Examples of syntactic claims
Introduction INTRODUCTION TO LOGIC 2 Syntax and Semantics of Propositional Logic Volker Halbach In what follows I look at some formal languages that are much simpler than English and define validity of
Parsing. Based on presentations from Chris Manning s course on Statistical Parsing (Stanford)
Parsing Based on presentations from Chris Manning s course on Statistical Parsing (Stanford) S N VP V NP D N John hit the ball Levels of analysis Level Morphology/Lexical POS (morpho-synactic), WSD Elements
1. Background. Task: Determine whether a given string of words is a grammatical (well-formed) sentence of language L i or not.
Constraints in Syntax [1] Phrase Structure and Derivations Düsseldorf LSA/DGfS Summerschool 2002 Gereon Müller (IDS Mannheim) gereon.mueller@ids-mannheim.de 1. Background Task: Determine whether a given
2013 ISSN: JATLaC Journal 8: t 1. t t Chomsky 1993 I Radford (2009) R I t t R I 2. t R t (1) (= R's (15), p. 86) He could have helped
t 1. tt Chomsky 1993 IRadford (2009) R Itt R I 2. t R t (1) (= R's (15), p. 86) He could have helped her, or [she have helped him]. 2 have I has had I I could ellipsis I gapping R (2) (= R (18), p.88)
An axiomatic approach to speaker preferences
1 An axiomatic approach to speaker preferences In this paper, we propose a set of axioms that can be used to model the choices made by speakers and hearers when pairing speech signals with meanings in
Seminar in Semantics: Gradation & Modality Winter 2014
1 Subject matter Seminar in Semantics: Gradation & Modality Winter 2014 Dan Lassiter 1/8/14 Handout: Basic Modal Logic and Kratzer (1977) [M]odality is the linguistic phenomenon whereby grammar allows
The Language Modeling Problem (Fall 2007) Smoothed Estimation, and Language Modeling. The Language Modeling Problem (Continued) Overview
The Language Modeling Problem We have some (finite) vocabulary, say V = {the, a, man, telescope, Beckham, two, } 6.864 (Fall 2007) Smoothed Estimation, and Language Modeling We have an (infinite) set of
Artificial Intelligence
CS344: Introduction to Artificial Intelligence Pushpak Bhattacharyya CSE Dept., IIT Bombay Lecture 20-21 Natural Language Parsing Parsing of Sentences Are sentences flat linear structures? Why tree? Is
COMP-330 Theory of Computation. Fall Prof. Claude Crépeau. Lec. 10 : Context-Free Grammars
COMP-330 Theory of Computation Fall 2017 -- Prof. Claude Crépeau Lec. 10 : Context-Free Grammars COMP 330 Fall 2017: Lectures Schedule 1-2. Introduction 1.5. Some basic mathematics 2-3. Deterministic finite
Control and Tough- Movement
Department of Linguistics Ohio State University February 2, 2012 Control (1/5) We saw that PRO is used for the unrealized subject of nonfinite verbals and predicatives where the subject plays a semantic
Sharpening the empirical claims of generative syntax through formalization
Sharpening the empirical claims of generative syntax through formalization Tim Hunter University of Minnesota, Twin Cities NASSLLI, June 2014 Part 1: Grammars and cognitive hypotheses What is a grammar?
Biographical Art in Ayyoubi Literature. Al Ectibar Asexample
Biographical Art in Ayyoubi Literature Al Ectibar Asexample 2011-2010 ب ج د ه الا هداء و - 1 2 2 3 3 4 5 5 9-6 22-10 35-23 36 42-37 43-40 55-44 ز 62-56 63 70-64 74-70 80-75 93-81 94 102-95 104-103 ( )
Movement-Generalized Minimalist Grammars
Movet-Generalized Minimalist Grammars Thomas Graf tgraf@ucla.edu tgraf.bol.ucla.edu University of California, Los Angeles LACL 2012 July 2, 2012 Outline 1 Monadic Second-Order Logic (MSO) Talking About
CYK Algorithm for Parsing General Context-Free Grammars
CYK Algorithm for Parsing General Context-Free Grammars Why Parse General Grammars Can be difficult or impossible to make grammar unambiguous thus LL(k) and LR(k) methods cannot work, for such ambiguous
Models of Adjunction in Minimalist Grammars
Models of Adjunction in Minimalist Grammars Thomas Graf mail@thomasgraf.net http://thomasgraf.net Stony Brook University FG 2014 August 17, 2014 The Theory-Neutral CliffsNotes Insights Several properties
Categorial Grammar. Larry Moss NASSLLI. Indiana University
1/37 Categorial Grammar Larry Moss Indiana University NASSLLI 2/37 Categorial Grammar (CG) CG is the tradition in grammar that is closest to the work that we ll do in this course. Reason: In CG, syntax
Model-Theory of Property Grammars with Features
Model-Theory of Property Grammars with Features Denys Duchier Thi-Bich-Hanh Dao firstname.lastname@univ-orleans.fr Yannick Parmentier Abstract In this paper, we present a model-theoretic description of
-,,,, -,,,,,,. .,, Z. S. Harris (:1976) 50 M. Gross.
Abstract During the process of enrichment of an automatic processing system in Modern Greek we confronted the problem of ambiguity between adverbs and adjectives with nominal use The object of this study
Dependency grammar. Recurrent neural networks. Transition-based neural parsing. Word representations. Informs Models
Dependency grammar Morphology Word order Transition-based neural parsing Word representations Recurrent neural networks Informs Models Dependency grammar Morphology Word order Transition-based neural parsing
Semantics and Generative Grammar. A Little Bit on Adverbs and Events
A Little Bit on Adverbs and Events 1. From Adjectives to Adverbs to Events We ve just developed a theory of the semantics of adjectives, under which they denote either functions of type (intersective
Maschinelle Sprachverarbeitung
Maschinelle Sprachverarbeitung Parsing with Probabilistic Context-Free Grammar Ulf Leser Content of this Lecture Phrase-Structure Parse Trees Probabilistic Context-Free Grammars Parsing with PCFG Other
Natural Language Processing CS Lecture 06. Razvan C. Bunescu School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science
Natural Language Processing CS 6840 Lecture 06 Razvan C. Bunescu School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science bunescu@ohio.edu Statistical Parsing Define a probabilistic model of syntax P(T S):
Maschinelle Sprachverarbeitung
Maschinelle Sprachverarbeitung Parsing with Probabilistic Context-Free Grammar Ulf Leser Content of this Lecture Phrase-Structure Parse Trees Probabilistic Context-Free Grammars Parsing with PCFG Other
Sharpening the empirical claims of generative syntax through formalization
Sharpening the empirical claims of generative syntax through formalization Tim Hunter University of Minnesota, Twin Cities ESSLLI, August 2015 Part 1: Grammars and cognitive hypotheses What is a grammar?
The Criminal Responsibility for Possible Crimes
أ The Criminal Responsibility for Possible Crimes 2014 ب ج د.......... ه :............... و : 1 3 3 4 5 5 7 11 : 12 : 12 : 20 : 28 28 40 : : : ز : 44 : 45 : 59 64 64 75 : : : : : 80 : 81 : 83 : 88 88 :
Finite Presentations of Pregroups and the Identity Problem
6 Finite Presentations of Pregroups and the Identity Problem Alexa H. Mater and James D. Fix Abstract We consider finitely generated pregroups, and describe how an appropriately defined rewrite relation
Control and Tough- Movement
Control and Tough- Movement Carl Pollard February 2, 2012 Control (1/5) We saw that PRO is used for the unrealized subject of nonfinite verbals and predicatives where the subject plays a semantic role
A Multi-Modal Combinatory Categorial Grammar. A MMCCG Analysis of Japanese Nonconstituent Clefting
A Multi-Modal Combinatory Categorial Grammar Analysis of Japanese Nonconstituent Clefting Department of Linguistics The Ohio State University {kubota,esmith}@ling.osu.edu A basic cleft sentence Data Clefting
The legal status of the international employee
The legal status of the international employee 400910080 )) (( 2011 ب ج د ه ( ) - ) - - ( و 1 1 5 9 9 10 11 11 - - - - - - 11 - ز 12 13 - - 15 15-16 - 22 24-24 - 32-39 - 39-43 - 45-46 - 53-56 - 61 - ح
Idioms and Compositionality
Idioms and Compositionality Dag Westerståhl March 31, 1999 Abstract A standard view is that idioms present problems for compositionality. The question of compositionality, however, should be posed for
Theory of Computation (II) Yijia Chen Fudan University
Theory of Computation (II) Yijia Chen Fudan University Review A language L is a subset of strings over an alphabet Σ. Our goal is to identify those languages that can be recognized by one of the simplest
Unit 1: CD1 Track 08. [pause] Hello and welcome. [pause] Hello to you, talking to a female. [pause] [pause] M1 Good morning
![Unit 1: CD1 Track 08. [pause] Hello and welcome. [pause] Hello to you, talking to a female. [pause] [pause] M1 Good morning](/thumbs/94/118132615.jpg "Unit 1: CD1 Track 08. [pause] Hello and welcome. [pause] Hello to you, talking to a female. [pause] [pause] M1 Good morning")
ح/ ح/ ء/ ر 7 Mastering Arabic 1 Conversations and additional listening exercises: Audioscript This audioscript includes the full transcript of the Conversation panels in Mastering Arabic 1, as well as
Unterspezifikation in der Semantik Scope Semantics in Lexicalized Tree Adjoining Grammars
in der emantik cope emantics in Lexicalized Tree Adjoining Grammars Laura Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf Wintersemester 2011/2012 LTAG: The Formalism (1) Tree Adjoining Grammars (TAG): Tree-rewriting
Structures mathématiques du langage
tructures mathématiques du langage Alain Lecomte 16 février 2014 1 Heim and Kratzer s theory Montague s grammar was conceived and built during the sixties of the last century, without much attention paid
An introduction to mildly context sensitive grammar formalisms. Combinatory Categorial Grammar
An introduction to mildly context sensitive grammar formalisms Combinatory Categorial Grammar Gerhard Jäger & Jens Michaelis University of Potsdam {jaeger,michael}@ling.uni-potsdam.de p.1 Basic Categorial
Insertion Minimalist Grammars: Eliminating redundancies between merge and move
Insertion Minimalist Grammars: Eliminating redundancies between merge and move Tim Hunter Department of Linguistics Yale University Abstract. Minimalist Grammars (MGs) provide a setting for rigourous investigations
Ling 240 Lecture #15. Syntax 4
Ling 240 Lecture #15 Syntax 4 agenda for today Give me homework 3! Language presentation! return Quiz 2 brief review of friday More on transformation Homework 4 A set of Phrase Structure Rules S -> (aux)
It rains now. (true) The followings are not propositions.
Chapter 8 Fuzzy Logic Formal language is a language in which the syntax is precisely given and thus is different from informal language like English and French. The study of the formal languages is the
SRC (Neven)
SRC (Neven) 16-10-09 1 Chomsky (2000): Minimalist Inquiries: The Framework [MI] [3.4 3.5] 3.4 The Strong Thesis [112-117] a. Where does SMT fail? Research strategy: seek imperfections of L [112] (1) Given
FLAC Context-Free Grammars
FLAC Context-Free Grammars Klaus Sutner Carnegie Mellon Universality Fall 2017 1 Generating Languages Properties of CFLs Generation vs. Recognition 3 Turing machines can be used to check membership in
Propositional Logic. Testing, Quality Assurance, and Maintenance Winter Prof. Arie Gurfinkel
Propositional Logic Testing, Quality Assurance, and Maintenance Winter 2018 Prof. Arie Gurfinkel References Chpater 1 of Logic for Computer Scientists http://www.springerlink.com/content/978-0-8176-4762-9/
Compiling Techniques
Lecture 6: 9 October 2015 Announcement New tutorial session: Friday 2pm check ct course webpage to find your allocated group Table of contents 1 2 Ambiguity s Bottom-Up Parser A bottom-up parser builds
Logic Background (1A) Young W. Lim 5/14/18
Young W. Lim Copyright (c) 2014 2018 Young W. Lim. Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.2 or any later
The University of Jordan Authorization Form
/. : : The University of Jordan Authorization Form I, Maha Mahmoud Ibrahim Al-Etoum, authorize the University of Jordan to supply copies of my Thesis/ Dissertation to libraries or establishments or individuals
Logic for Computer Science - Week 2 The Syntax of Propositional Logic
Logic for Computer Science - Week 2 The Syntax of Propositional Logic Ștefan Ciobâcă November 30, 2017 1 An Introduction to Logical Formulae In the previous lecture, we have seen what makes an argument
A Note on Phrase-Markers
Document généré le 2 déc. 2017 16:20 Revue québécoise de linguistique Revue québécoise de linguistique A Note on Phrase-Markers James Higginbotham Grammaire générative Volume 13, numéro 1, 1983 URI : id.erudit.org/iderudit/602508ar
Compiling Techniques
Lecture 5: Top-Down Parsing 6 October 2015 The Parser Context-Free Grammar (CFG) Lexer Source code Scanner char Tokeniser token Parser AST Semantic Analyser AST IR Generator IR Errors Checks the stream
Parsing with Context-Free Grammars
Parsing with Context-Free Grammars Berlin Chen 2005 References: 1. Natural Language Understanding, chapter 3 (3.1~3.4, 3.6) 2. Speech and Language Processing, chapters 9, 10 NLP-Berlin Chen 1 Grammars
Scope Ambiguities through the Mirror
Scope Ambiguities through the Mirror Raffaella Bernardi In this paper we look at the interpretation of Quantifier Phrases from the perspective of Symmetric Categorial Grammar. We show how the apparent
3:00 م. The Way Station
م& م& ةI ا& ء- ج% ر& ر- م# 2017 " 4 3 0 & 2 29 1 0 ا ) ر +, ا / 9:00 م 6:00 م 3:00 م 12:00 م! و ض" % د ا ر ا. 7 ض% Official Selection out of competition ا / 5 - + 6 7 ا 9 5 6 8 ا " 8 : 3 ; = < Fault Condition
On Strict Cyclicity and Label: Toward Elimination of Late Merge*
On Strict Cyclicity and Label: Toward Elimination of Late Merge On Strict Cyclicity and Label: Toward Elimination of Late Merge* Takanori Nakashima Abstract In the Minimalist Program, strict cyclicity
Advanced Topics in LP and FP
Lecture 1: Prolog and Summary of this lecture 1 Introduction to Prolog 2 3 Truth value evaluation 4 Prolog Logic programming language Introduction to Prolog Introduced in the 1970s Program = collection
IBM Model 1 for Machine Translation
IBM Model 1 for Machine Translation Micha Elsner March 28, 2014 2 Machine translation A key area of computational linguistics Bar-Hillel points out that human-like translation requires understanding of
Analysing Soft Syntax Features and Heuristics for Hierarchical Phrase Based Machine Translation
Analysing Soft Syntax Features and Heuristics for Hierarchical Phrase Based Machine Translation David Vilar, Daniel Stein, Hermann Ney IWSLT 2008, Honolulu, Hawaii 20. October 2008 Human Language Technology
Language Acquisition and Parameters: Part II
Language Acquisition and Parameters: Part II Matilde Marcolli CS0: Mathematical and Computational Linguistics Winter 205 Transition Matrices in the Markov Chain Model absorbing states correspond to local
Resource Description Framework (RDF) A basis for knowledge representation on the Web
Resource Description Framework (RDF) A basis for knowledge representation on the Web Simple language to capture assertions (as statements) Captures elements of knowledge about a resource Facilitates incremental
Syllogistic Logic and its Extensions
1/31 Syllogistic Logic and its Extensions Larry Moss, Indiana University NASSLLI 2014 2/31 Logic and Language: Traditional Syllogisms All men are mortal. Socrates is a man. Socrates is mortal. Some men
Compiling Techniques
Lecture 5: Top-Down Parsing 26 September 2017 The Parser Context-Free Grammar (CFG) Lexer Source code Scanner char Tokeniser token Parser AST Semantic Analyser AST IR Generator IR Errors Checks the stream
A* Search. 1 Dijkstra Shortest Path
A* Search Consider the eight puzzle. There are eight tiles numbered 1 through 8 on a 3 by three grid with nine locations so that one location is left empty. We can move by sliding a tile adjacent to the
Statistical Structure in Natural Language. Tom Jackson April 4th PACM seminar Advisor: Bill Bialek
Statistical Structure in Natural Language Tom Jackson April 4th PACM seminar Advisor: Bill Bialek Some Linguistic Questions n Why does language work so well? Unlimited capacity and flexibility Requires
Probabilistic Language Modeling
Predicting String Probabilities Probabilistic Language Modeling Which string is more likely? (Which string is more grammatical?) Grill doctoral candidates. Regina Barzilay EECS Department MIT November
cse541 LOGIC FOR COMPUTER SCIENCE
cse541 LOGIC FOR COMPUTER SCIENCE Professor Anita Wasilewska Spring 2015 LECTURE 2 Chapter 2 Introduction to Classical Propositional Logic PART 1: Classical Propositional Model Assumptions PART 2: Syntax
Computational Models - Lecture 3
Slides modified by Benny Chor, based on original slides by Maurice Herlihy, Brown University. p. 1 Computational Models - Lecture 3 Equivalence of regular expressions and regular languages (lukewarm leftover
The mathematical core of Tarski s truth definition
The mathematical core of Tarski s truth definition Wilfrid Hodges Queen Mary, University of London August 2007 www.maths.qmul.ac.uk/ wilfrid/unilog07.pdf Alfred Tarski gave a mathematical description of
Reading the Holly Qur an: Notion and Effect on Arabic Language (A phonological Analytic study) : :
الترتيل القرا ني مفهومه وأثره في اللغة: تحليلية) (دراسة صوتية Reading the Holly Qur an: Notion and Effect on Arabic Language (A phonological Analytic study) : : 202-20 ب ج د. -." " : : ( ). ( )!.. ( )...