A Multi-Modal Combinatory Categorial Grammar. A MMCCG Analysis of Japanese Nonconstituent Clefting

Transcription

1 A Multi-Modal Combinatory Categorial Grammar Analysis of Japanese Nonconstituent Clefting Department of Linguistics The Ohio State University

2 A basic cleft sentence Data Clefting Scrambling Complex predicates Ungrammaticality (1) Ken ga kono hon o yon-da. Ken NOM this book ACC read-past Ken read this book. (2) [Ken Ken It is this book that Ken read. ga t i yon-da] no wa [kono NOM read-past NMLZ TOP this (3) Template: A no wa B da. = A is B A: topic position ( old info ) B: focus position ( new info ) hon (o)] i book ACC da. COP

3 Clefting Scrambling Complex predicates Ungrammaticality Clefting different kinds of constituents (4) [ Ken ga yon-da] Ken NOM read-past It is this book that Ken read. no wa kono NMLZ TOP this (5) [ Kono hon o yon-da] this book ACC read-past It is Ken that read the book. no wa Ken NMLZ TOP Ken (6) [ Ken ga kono hon o mise-ta] Ken NOM this book ACC show-past It is to Mari that Ken showed this book. hon (o) da. book ACC COP (*ga) NOM da. COP no wa Mari NMLZ TOP Mari (7) [ Taroo ga hon o yomi-oe-ta] no wa tui Taro NOM book ACC read-finish-past NMLZ TOP just sakki da. a while ago COP It is just a while ago that Taro finished reading the book. ni da. DAT COP

4 Nonconstituent clefting Clefting Scrambling Complex predicates Ungrammaticality (8) [ Ken Ken himitu secret ga barasi-te NOM disclose o ACC da. COP simat-ta] no wa Mari ni sono EMPH-PAST NMLZ TOP Mari DAT that lit. It is to Mari that secret that Ken (inadvertently) disclosed. (which could answer What did Ken disclose to whom? ) (9) [ Sono himitu o barasi-te simat-ta] no wa Ken ga that secret ACC disclose EMPH-PAST NMLZ TOP Ken NOM Mari ni da. Mari DAT COP lit. It is Ken to Mari that (inadvertently) disclosed that secret. (which could answer Who disclosed that secret to whom? )

5 Nonconstituent clefting (cont.) Clefting Scrambling Complex predicates Ungrammaticality (10) [ Ken ga Mari Ken NOM Mari sono himitu o that secret ACC ni barasi-ta] no wa tikasitu DAT disclose-past NMLZ TOP basement da. COP de LOC lit. It is in the basement that secret that Ken disclosed to Mari. (which could answer Where did Ken disclose what to Mari? ) (11) [ Taroo ga happyoo-si-ta] no wa kyonen NELS Taro NOM present-do-past NMLZ TOP last-year NELS It is last year at NELS that Taro presented (a paper). de at da. COP

6 Scrambling in a simple sentence Clefting Scrambling Complex predicates Ungrammaticality (12) a. Ken ga sono hon o kat-ta. Ken NOM that book ACC buy-past Ken bought that book. b. Sono hon o Ken ga kat-ta. that book ACC Ken NOM buy-past Ken bought that book.

7 Clefting Scrambling Complex predicates Ungrammaticality Scrambling two nonconstituent arguments (13) [ Ken Ken himitu secret ga barasi-te NOM disclose o ACC da. COP simat-ta] no wa Mari EMPH-PAST NMLZ TOP Mari lit. It is to Mari that secret that Ken (inadvertently) disclosed. (which could answer What did Ken disclose to whom? ) ni sono DAT that (14) [ Ken ga barasi-te simat-ta] no wa sono himitu o Mari ni da.

8 Clefting Scrambling Complex predicates Ungrammaticality A basic complex predicate sentence V1 V2 (15) Ken ga Mari ni sono hon o yon-de morat-ta. Ken NOM Mari DAT that book ACC read-mkr BENEF-PAST Ken had Mari read that book for him.

9 Clefting with complex predicates Clefting Scrambling Complex predicates Ungrammaticality (16) a. [ Ken ga yon-de morat-ta] no wa Mari ni sono Ken NOM read-mkr BENEF-PAST NMLZ TOP Mari DAT that hon o da. book ACC COP lit. What Ken had read for him was Mari that book. b. * [ Ken ga Mari ni morat-ta] no wa sono hon o Ken NOM Mari DAT BENEF-PAST NMLZ TOP that book ACC yon-de da. read-mkr COP intended: What Ken had Mari do for him was read that book. c. * [ morat-ta] no wa Ken ga Mari ni sono hon o BENEF-PAST NMLZ TOP Ken NOM Mari DAT that book ACC yon-de da. read-mkr COP intended: What was done for him was that Ken had Mari read that book.

10 Ungrammatical cases of clefting Clefting Scrambling Complex predicates Ungrammaticality (17) * [ Morat-ta] no wa Ken BENEF-PAST NMLZ TOP Ken o ACC yon-de read-mkr da. COP ga Mari NOM Mari ni sono hon DAT that book lit. The thing that was done for the benefit of somebody was that Ken had Mari read that book for him. (18) * [ t i Hon o Taroo ga yon-da] no wa nagai i book ACC Taro NOM read-past NMLZ TOP long da. COP intended: lit. It is long that Taro read a book.

11 CCG Data Combinatory rules (19) Function Application a. A/B B A b. B A\B A (20) Type-Raising a. A B/(B\A) b. A B\(B/A) (21) Function Composition a. A/B B/C A/C b. B\C A\B A\C

12 Lexical entries Data From [Kubota and Smith, 2006]: (22) a. no: (S [ ] [ +N T \$)\(S N ] T \$) b. wa: (S [ ] [ +N +T \$)\(S +N ] T \$) c. da: (S [ T] \X)\(S [+T] /X)

13 Sample proof Data (23) Ken ga NP n watasi-ta S [ ] N T \NPa \NP d \NP n S [ ] < N T \NPa \NP d (S [ +N T S [ +N +T ] no [ \$)\(S N ] wa T \$) (S [ ] [ +N +T \$)\(S +N ] T \$) (S [ ] [ +N +T \$)\(S N ] FC T \$) ] < \NPa \NP d sono hon o NP a S [+T] /(S [+T] \NP a ) TR Mari ni NP d (S [+T] \NP a )/((S [+T] \NP a )\NP d ) TR S [+T] /((S [+T] \NP a )\NP d ) S [ T] \((S [+T] \NP a )\NP d ) FC da (S [ T] \X)\(S [+T] /X) < Ken ga watasi-ta no wa S [ ] sono hon o Mari ni da +N +T \NPa \NP d S [ T] \((S [+T] \NP a )\NP d ) < S [ T]

14 Overgeneration Data (24) hon o NP a NP a \(NP a /NP a ) TR S [ N T Taroo ga yon-da NP n S [ ] N T \NPa \NP n S [ ] < N T \NPa ] FC \(NPa /NP a ) (S [ +N T S [ ] +N +T \(NPa /NP a ) nagai NP/NP S [+T] /(S [+T] \(NP/NP)) TR da (S [ T] \X)\(S [+T] /X) < S [ T] \(S [+T] \(NP/NP)) ] no [ \$)\(S N ] wa T \$) (S [ ] [ +N +T \$)\(S +N ] T \$) (S [ ] [ +N +T \$)\(S N ] FC T \$) < hon o Taroo ga yon-da no wa S [ nagai da ] +N +T \(NPa /NP a ) S [ T] \(S [+T] \(NP/NP)) < S [ T]

15 MMCCG Data Framework Lexicon Proof Blocked proofs Multi-Modal Combinatory Categorial Grammar (MMCCG) [Baldridge, 2002]: introduces slash modalities manifests these modalities in lexical entries provides fine-grained structural control in terms of these modalities

16 Hierarchy of modes Data Framework Lexicon Proof Blocked proofs neither permutative nor associative left right associative associative permutative both permutative and associative

17 Framework Lexicon Proof Blocked proofs Combinatory rules with modalities (25) Function Application a. A/ B B A b. B A\ B A (26) Function Composition a. A/ B B/ C A/ C b. B\ C A\ B A\ C (27) Type-Raising a. A B/ i (B\ i A) b. A B\ i (B/ i A) (28) Permutation a. A/ B/ C$ A/ C/ B$ b. A\ B\ C$ A\ C\ B$

18 Lexical entries Data Framework Lexicon Proof Blocked proofs (29) a. morat-ta: S\NP n \NP d \ VP (V2 of complex predicate) b. yon-de: VP\NP a (V1 of complex predicate) c. nagai: NP/ NP (adjective) (/ and \ are the abbreviations for /. and \.)

19 Framework Lexicon Proof Blocked proofs Grammatical clefting with complex predicates (30) Ken ga NP n (V1) yon-de VP\NP a (dat) (acc) Mari ni sono hon o S [+T] /(S [+T] \NP d \NP a ) (V2) morat-ta S\NP n \NP d \ VP FC S\NP n \NP d \NP a Perm S\NP d \NP n \NP a Perm S\NP d \NP a \NP n no wa < S\NP d \NP a (S [ ] [ +N +T \$)\(S N ] T \$) S [ ] < +N +T \NPd \NP a da (S [ T] \X)\(S [+T] /X) < S [ T] \(S [+T] \NP d \NP a ) Ken ga yon-de morat-ta no wa S [+T] \NP d \NP a Mari ni sono hon o da S [ T] \(S [+T] \NP d \NP a ) S [ T] <

20 Framework Lexicon Proof Blocked proofs Ungrammatical clefting with complex predicates (1) (16b) (31) * [ Ken ga Mari ni morat-ta] no wa sono Ken NOM Mari DAT BENEF-PAST NMLZ TOP that hon o yon-de da. book ACC read-mkr COP intended: What Ken had Mari do for him was read that book. Mari ni NP d morat-ta S\NP n \NP d \ VP S\NP n \ VP\NP d *Perm

21 Framework Lexicon Proof Blocked proofs Ungrammatical clefting with complex predicates (2) (16c) *[ morat-ta] no wa Ken ga Mari ni sono hon BENEF-PAST NMLZ TOP Ken NOM Mari DAT that book yon-de o ACC da. COP read-mkr intended: What was done for him was that Ken had Mari read that book. (32) Mari ni NP d (S\NP n )/((S\NP n )\NP d ) TR sono hon o yon-de VP ((S\NP n )\NP d )/ (((S\NP n )\NP d )\ VP) TR *FC

22 Framework Lexicon Proof Blocked proofs Blocked derivation for adjective clefting (18) *[ t i Hon o Taroo ga yon-da] no wa nagai i da. book ACC Taro NOM read-past NMLZ TOP long COP intended: lit. It is long that Taro read a book. (33) hon o NP a NP a \ (NP a / NP a ) TR Taroo ga NP n yon-da S\NP n \NP a S\NP a \NP n Perm S\NP a < *FC

23 Data to nonconstituent clefting overgenerates in cases where clefting interacts with other phenomena (in particular, complex predicates). Accounting for these other phenomena requires the setup of MMCCG which distinguishes different combinatoric modes such as and. Once the analyses of these other phenomena are implemented in MMCCG, the simple analysis of clefting interacts with them to automatically yield correct results. Thus, the proposed analysis provides a springboard for developing a unified analysis of a range of linguistic phenomena that explains the interactions of different phenomena in a principled way.

24 Data Baldridge, J. (2002). Lexically Specified Derivational Control in Combinatory Categorial Grammar. PhD thesis, University of Edinburgh. [Available at Koizumi, M. (1995). Phrase Structure in Minimalist Syntax. PhD thesis, MIT. Kubota, Y. and Smith, E. A. (2006). Syntax and semantics of Japanese nonconstituent clefting in Combinatory Categorial Grammar. In Davis, C., Deal, A. R., and Zabbal, Y., editors, Proceedings of the Thrity-Sixth Annual Meeting of the North East Linguistic Society, pages , Amherst, MA. GLSA Publications. Moortgat, M. (1996). Categorial type logics. In van Benthem, J. and ter Meulen, A., editors, Handbook of Logic and Language, pages Elsevier, Amsterdam. Oehrle, R. T. (1998). Multi-modal type-logical grammar. To appear in R. Borsley and K. Borjars eds., Non-transformational Syntax. Blackwell. Steedman, M. (2000). The Syntactic Process. The MIT Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts.