Class Notes: Tsujimura (2007), Ch. 5. Syntax (1), pp (3) a. [[akai hon]-no hyooshi] b. [akai [hon-no hyooshi]]

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1 Class otes: Tsujimura (2007), Ch. 5. yntax (1), pp p. 206 What is!ytx"?! n area in linguistics that deals with the REGULRLITY of how words are put together to create grammatical sentences What are some of the major issues in JP syntax?! scrambling, reflexives, passives, causatives, relative clauses, quantifier floating, postposing, wa & ga (topic construction, double nominative construction) p yntactic structures 1.1. yntactic constituency What is!(syntactic) COTITUECY"?! a phenomenon in which 2 or more words form a group!constituent" is a group of words that GO TOGETHER. (1) a. Taroo-ga kinoo ookii hanbaagaa-o itsutsu tabeta. Do ookii and hanbaagaa form a constituent?! Do Taroo-ga and kinoo form a constituent?! Do Itsutsu and tabeta form a constituent?! BTW:!Lexical ambiguity" (in English) a. He kicked the bucket. b. We are going to Hawai!i!!tructural ambiguity" (in English) c. The chicken is ready to eat. d. Visiting relatives can be annoying. e. He is eating cookies in the box. Lexical & structural ambiguity (in English) f. Time flies. (1) time: noun (subject); (2) time: verb g.time flies like an arrow. Fruit flies like a banana. Tsujimura (2007), Ch. 5 (1), page 1 of 10 p. 207 p. 211 p. 208 (3) a. [[akai hon]-no hyooshi] b. [akai [hon-no hyooshi]] (3a) In (3a), do akai and hon form a constituent?! In (3b), do akai and hon form a constituent?! In (3a), do hon-no and hyoosi!cover" form a constituent?! In (3b), do hon-no and hyoosi!cover" form a constituent?! (3b) P 1 P 1 P 2 P P 2 P P akai hon-no hyoosi akai hon-no hyoosi Different constituencies! different interpretations The structures reflecting syntactic constituency can explain ambiguity, while the word order gives no clue. p Phrase structures What is a!phre TRUCTURE TREE"?! It shows (1) what a phrase or a sentence consists of & (2) which words form constituents hierarchically. What are LEXICL categories? Tsujimura (2007), Ch. 5 (1), page 2 of 10!, V,, P, DV, etc. What are PHRL categories?! P,, P, PP, etc. (= lexical category + other words) What is a!ode"?! specific location in a tree where a category label can appear.

2 p. 208 In your notebook, draw the tree each for (a)-(c) below. a. [ P [ P Mari-no] [ kuruma]] b. [ P [ takai] [ kuruma]] c. [ P [ P [ DV totemo] [ takai]] [ kuruma]] p. 209 a. [ muzukashii hon-o [ V yomu]] b. [ [ PP toshokan de] [ P muzukashii hon-o] [ V yomu]] a. a. P b. P c. P P V P P P DV Mari no kuruma takai kuruma totemo takai kuruma P muzukashii hon-o yomu Which labels are!lexical categories" and which ones are!phrasal categories" in each of the trees above?! lexical categories: phrasal categories: p. 209 a. [ PP [ P [ toshokan]] [ P de]] b. [ [ P [ hon-o]] [ V yomu]] PP P P P V toshokan de hon-o yomu p. 210 b. OR PP PP P V P P P V P P P P To de mu hon-o yomu To de mu hon-o yomu p. 210 Remember Case particles are syntactically treated as part of an P, while postpositions are analyzed as a LEXICL category (P) that forms an independent category. a. [ [ P [ Ken-ga]] [ [ V kuru]]] b. [ [ P [ Ken-ga]] [ toshokan de hon-o [ V yomu]]] Tsujimura (2007), Ch. 5 (1), page 3 of 10 Tsujimura (2007), Ch. 5 (1), page 4 of 10

3 p. 210 a. P V Ken-ga kuru b. OR p Phrase structure rules What are!phre TRUCTURE RULE"?! They indicate the COTITUECY of each phrasal category, and the ORDER among the constituents.!phrase structure rules should be able to express an infinite number of s, and be restrictive enough to be able to specify the regularities of the generation of such syntactic structures. P P PP P V PP P P P P P V Ken-ga to de hon-o yomu Ken-ga to de hon-o yomu pp REVIEW: Postpositions (e.g. ni!at, in, to," de!at, in," kara!from," to!with") bear specific MEIG, while Case particles (ga, o, ni, wa, no) usually indicate the grammatical FUCTIO of the accompanying P in a, such as UB, DO, IO, TOP, & linker/subordinator. p. 212 What do!phrase structure rules" look like?! P P! (P) (P)! (PP) (P) (PP) (P) V PP! P P (to be revised later) OTE: n element surrounded by parentheses is!optional." P pp (12)-(13), pp Tsujimura (2007), Ch. 5 (1), page 5 of 10 Tsujimura (2007), Ch. 5 (1), page 6 of 10

4 pp s w/ relative clauses a. H-ga [ P [ " [ T-ga t i tsukutta] [ COMP!]] sushi i -o] tabeta b. [ P [ " [ T-ga t i tsukutta] [ COMP!]] sushi i -ga] aru P T-ga P t i tsukutta sushi i (14)-(15), pp p. 214, pp s w/ indirect quotations continued Phrase tructure Rules (revised) "! COMP! P P! (") (P) (P)! (PP) (P) (PP) (P) (") V PP! P P OTE: COMP = complementizer, an element that introduces a clause (=); e.g. to!that," ka!quetio" a. [ 1 T-ga [ [ " [ 2 H-ga oishii sushi-o tsukutta] [ COMP -to]] itta]] pp Things to remember about relative clauses: (1) Modifiers always come BEFORE words to be modified in JP. (2) + form an P. (3) There is no!relative pronoun" (e.g. who, which, that) in JP. (4) The that is modified by a (=relative clause) and its!original" location (or trace) are CO-IDEXED (by subscript i, j, etc.). pp s w/ indirect quotations a. [ 1 T-ga [ [ " [ 2 H-ga oishii sushi-o tsukutta] [ COMP to]] itta]] b. [ 1 T-ga H-ni [ " [ 2 sensei-ga Tookyoo-e itta] [ COMP to]] itta] Quoted =!direct object" (Tsujimura)! djunct (adverb)? (MEH) Cf. (1) T-ga [ H-ga oishii sushi-o tsukutta ] { to / *o } itta. (2) Ken ga { soo / *sore o } itta.!ken said so." (soo: adverb) (3) Ken ga shinjitsu o itta.!ken said the truth." (OT quote!) (4) Ken ga yukkuri-{ to /!} aruita. (to: adverb maker) (5) Ken ga hu-{ to / *! } mita.!ken looked suddenly." Tsujimura (2007), Ch. 5 (1), page 7 of 10 P T-ga " (read!-bar") V itta COMP to P H-ga oishii sushi-o tsukutta Tsujimura (2007), Ch. 5 (1), page 8 of 10

5 p. 214, pp b. [ 1 T-ga H-ni [ " [ 2 sensei-ga Tookyoo-e itta] [ COMP -to]] itta] 1 P Taroo-ga PP V " P P itta OR 2 COMP Hanako ni to 1 sensei-ga Tookyoo e itta P Taroo-ga PP " V P P itta 2 COMP Hanako ni to OTE: 1 =!matrix (=main) clause" 2 =!embedded clause" sensei-ga Tookyoo e itta Tsujimura (2007), Ch. 5 (1), page 9 of 10 p The notion of head REVIEW: Phrase tructure Rules "! COMP! P P! (") (P) (P)! (PP) (P) (PP) (P) (") V PP! P P What is a!hed"?! the lexical category around which a phrasal category is formed; e.g., V,, P. 1. n P always has an, a always has a V, PP always has 2. The meaning of the head is preserved at the PHRL level. What are the Ps in (a)-(c) about? a. [ P Ken-no [ kuruma]] b. [ P atarasii [ kuruma]] c. [ P Ken-no atarasii [ kuruma]] What is the in (d) about? d. [ [ susi-o] [ V taberu]]! Taberu. What is the in (e) about? e. [ ashita tomodachi to OMI de sushi-o [ V taberu]]! Taberu. Tsujimura (2007), Ch. 5 (1), page 10 of 10