Raising and Passive. Jean Mark Gawron. Linguistics 522 San Diego State University

Transcription

1 Raising and Passive Jean Mark Gawron Linguistics 522 San Diego State University gawron Raising and Passive p. 1/20

2 Sentences Part I Raising and Passive p. 2/20

3 Raising P P [- PS] P P seem D-Structure θ-role assignment No case (non-finite clause) P P leave Raising and Passive p. 3/20

4 Raising P P [- PS] P P S-Structure ase seem P t P leave Raising and Passive p. 3/20

5 Raising 2 P P [- PS] P P seem P D-Structure P θ-role assignmemnt appear P P P leave Raising and Passive p. 4/20

6 Raising 2 P P [- PS] P P seem P P intermediate No case EPP appear P P t P leave Raising and Passive p. 4/20

7 Raising 2 P P [- PS] P P seem P t P S-structure ase EPP appear P P t P leave Raising and Passive p. 4/20

8 Raising 3 P P P [- PS] P P likely P P P appear P P leave D-Structure θ-role assignment after: for Raising and Passive p. 5/20

9 Raising 3 P P P [- PS] P likely P P P intermediate No case EPP P appear P t P leave Raising and Passive p. 5/20

10 Raising 3 P P P [- PS] P likely P P t P S-Structure ase EPP P appear P t P leave Raising and Passive p. 5/20

11 Raising Partway I P P P [- PS] P P likely P P [ +PS] P appear P P leave D-Structure θ-role assignment Raising and Passive p. 6/20

12 Raising Partway I P P P [- PS] P P likely P intermediate ase P [+ PS] P appear P t P leave Raising and Passive p. 6/20

13 Raising Partway I P P DP It Inserted Expletive (EPP) P [- PS] P P likely P S-structure inserted Expletive (EPP) P [+ PS] P appear P t P leave Raising and Passive p. 6/20

14 Raising Partway II P P P [- PS] P P likely P P P appear P P leave D-Structure θ-role assignment Raising and Passive p. 7/20

15 Raising Partway II P P P [- PS] P P likely P intermediate No case P P appear P t P leave Raising and Passive p. 7/20

16 Raising Partway II P P DP It Inserted Expletive (EPP) P [- PS] P P likely P S-structure inserted Expletive (EPP) No case! P ase Filter violation! What ungrammatical sentence? P appear P t P leave Raising and Passive p. 7/20

17 Raising Partway II P P DP It Inserted Expletive (EPP) P [- PS] P P likely P *It is likely appear leave. P P appear P t P leave Raising and Passive p. 7/20

18 Raising partway III P P DP It Inserted Expletive (EPP) P [- PS] P likely P P S-structure No case violation for for P omp for assigns case P appear P t P leave Raising and Passive p. 8/20

19 Passive: is kicked P P [- PS] P en j P D-structure + heme θ-role assigned -en j takes gent role D-struc: [- PS] kick + -en j i kick kick No accusative case Raising and Passive p. 9/20

20 Passive: is kicked P P P S-structure [- PS] P gets nominative case en j kick t Raising and Passive p. 9/20

21 Has the rice en eaten? P [+ Q] P [- PS] P D-structure + affix movement heme θ-role assigned P -en j takes gent role have en P No accusative case en j eat the rice Raising and Passive p. 10/20

22 Has the rice en eaten? P [+ Q] P has the rice P S-structure [- PS] e en P the rice gets nominative case P en eat t Raising and Passive p. 10/20

23 he money was hidden in the drawer P P P [- PS] en j P D-structure + heme and Loc θ-roles assigned -en j takes gent role No accusative case hide the money PP in the drawer Raising and Passive p. 11/20

24 he money was hidden in the drawer P P he money P S-structure [- PS] P gets nominative case en j hide t PP in the drawer Raising and Passive p. 11/20

25 ... have en kissed by the puppy P P [- PS] P P likely P P P D-structure + -en j takes gent role No accusative case P have en P en j PP kiss Donny by the puppy Raising and Passive p. 12/20

26 ... have en kissed by the puppy P P [- PS] P P P likely Donny P P intermediate Donny gets no case EPP P have en P en j PP kiss t by the puppy Raising and Passive p. 12/20

27 ... have en kissed by the puppy P P Donny [- PS] P P likely P P t P S-structure Donny gets nominative case EPP P have en P en j PP kiss t by the puppy Raising and Passive p. 12/20

28 Problems Part II Raising and Passive p. 13/20

29 Haitian reole 1. ccording the glosses in the data the Haitian (a) annd (b) sentences are paraphrases just as the English sentences are. his suggests that Jan ( ) receives no θ-role from sanble ( seem ). If this is right, then (b) Jan sanble li pati would a violation of the θ criterion unless Jan moved the matrix subject position, leaving li hind as a trace. 2. Sentence (c) shows that that the pronoun/trace must realized as a pronoun. his is something that distinguishes Haitian reole from English: races (at least some traces) must pronounced. 3. If our movement account is right, example (b) is not a violation of the θ-criterion. t D-structure, when the θ criterion applies, there is only one NP present in the lower clause (Jan). he pronoun/trace li appears only after movement and after the θ-criterion applies. Raising and Passive p. 14/20

30 ewa hei sen nei enu mankhwedi DP D D NP Hei N N sen P P [+ PS] DP D mankhwedi D NP nei N N enu 1. ewa is Head final: X (WP) X omp XP (WP) X Spec X (WP) X dj 2. ffix lowering assumed. Raising and Passive p. 15/20

31 ewa hei sen nei enu mankhwedi nei enu P [+ PS] P 1. c & d: heme assumed move spec of P get case. gent role absord. DP D D NP hei N t mankhwedi 2. Optional gent treated as an adjunct like the by-phrase in English. N sen-di Raising and Passive p. 16/20

32 urkish 1. In (b), following the glosses, Biz ( we ) receives no θ-role from göründük ( appear ), which has the following θ-grid: biz i sana j [ P t i süt ictik ] k gibi göründük. göründük Experiencer DP Proposition P j k It is clear from the fact that Biz is the left of one of the main verb s arguments that it is in the main clause. We may therefore assume Biz moves there after receiving its θ role from iciyoruz ( drink ). 2. he difference in the verb forms in (a) and (b) gether with the glosses show that the emdded verb in (b) expresses the past tense form of iciyoruz ( drink ). herefore Biz cannot moving get case, since it receives nominative case in the emdded clause. So the problem for our theory is: Why does it move? Raising and Passive p. 17/20

33 Impersonals 1. he three impersonal passives all share the following properties. hey are all missing their agents and the themes are all in ccusative case (Ukrainian ervku, Kannada Ramma, and Irish iad). 2. his suggests that in these language, unlike English, the passive affix does not rob a verb of the ability assign accusative case. 3. herefore, what characterizes the passive in these languages is that it absorbs the gent role. Raising and Passive p. 18/20

34 Stump the grammar 1. *It seems Sonny love her. s subject of a nonfinite clause, Sonny does not get nominative case checked. ase filter violation. 2. *Bill i was bitten j the dog k, bite gent heme DP j DP k Since there are no traces shown here I am assuming we are considering a derivation on which there was no movement. here are two problems. First, Bill in subject position gets no θ-role, as shown in the θ grid. Second, the affix en robs the verb of the ability check accusative case (abosrbing its case feature), so the dog does not have its case checked. hus, we have both a θ-criterion violation and a ase filter violation. Raising and Passive p. 19/20

35 Grammar-stumping ctd 3. Donny is likely that [ P t left. ] he same case feature can t checked twice. Donny gets its nominative case checked once in the finite clause and again as subject of the finite matrix clause. We have en calling such cases cases of unmotivated movement in class. his is actually a more general idea than no-checking-twice, as we ll see shortly. 4. * It seems [ P Donny likely that t i was happy. ] Unmotivated movement. his appears a case filter violation but it isn t. s subject of the finite was, Donny gets nominative case in the lower clause, so there is no need for more movement. It has just moved unnnecessarily. Notice that it actually doesn t get its case feature checked twice, but it s still bad. Raising and Passive p. 20/20