Features. An argument DP must have been assigned Case by S-structure. A Specifier of IP must have been occupied by something by S-structure.
|
|
- Quentin Hopkins
- 5 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 Features 26 October 2015 We left with a system that included the following elements. (1) Head Movement onstraint IfanX 0 movestoay 0,therecanbenoZ 0 thatisc-commandedbyy 0 and c-commandsx 0. (2) Like(s) Attract(s) Like(s) IfX 0 moves,thenitmustadjointoanx 0.IfXPmoves,thenitmustadjoin toanxp,ormovetoaspecifierposition. (3) Upwards Ifαmovestopositionβ,thentheprojectionofβ ssistermustdominateα. (4) Argument Movement Move an argument XP to Specifier position. (5) Wh Movement Move a wh-phrase to Specifier position. (6) Head Movement MoveanX 0. (7) eement a. FiniteI 0 assignsnominativeasetoitsspecifierposition. b. GenitiveaseisassignedtoSpecifierof. c. Accusative ase is assigned to the position adjacent to, c-commanded by,andklosetoaverborpreposition. d. FiniteI 0 assignstensetoaverbitc-commandsandiskloseto. (8) α c-commands β iff: a. Everyphrasethatdominatesαalsodominates β,and b. α doesnotdominate β. NB: dominates is not reflexive. (9) hex 0 riterion AnX 0 cannotcontainmorethanonewordinitats-structure. (10) he ase Filter An argument must have been assigned ase by S-structure. (11) he EPP A Specifier of IP must have been occupied by something by S-structure. he structure of simple clauses is something like: (12) P XP AdvP not P Whatwe relookingforisawaytocontrolheadmovement.wewanttoforce ittoapplysothatauxiliaryverbsinenglishmovethroughto,andwewanta similar outcome for all verbs in French(and perhaps German?). For main verbs in English, we want to prevent Head Movement from occurring and use eement instead. And in French non-finite clauses we want auxiliary verbs to do the same thingdoinfiniteclauses,butwewanttopreventmainverbsfrommovingto 0. We need a system that uses the main verb/auxiliary verb contrast and the kind of inflection to determine what happens. P XP
2 Let s consider English. If Pollock is correct, we want the ent tense morphologyin 0 toinflectthefollowingverbbyeementwhenthatverbisn tan auxiliary.butwewantittoforceheadmovementoftheverbwhenitisanauxiliary verb. At ent, our system is designed for the situation with auxiliary verbs. We ve made tense morphemes an affix on verbs, and allowed that requirement to bemetonlywith 0 movesto 0.oincludenon-auxiliaryverbs,weneedtolet theaffixalnatureoftensebesatisfiedbyeement.hatwillbethefirststepin our revision. But first, let s set up the mechanics of eement. Let s let lexical items be made up of two kinds of things: roots and features. herootswillbethatpartofthewordthatmakestheworddistinct.featureswill encode that roots inflectional class. Finite verbs will be made up of the root and the features that cause it to exs tense(among other things). (13) =has =eats (16) P P P P P P have eat Wecanthinkofthefeaturesintheseverbsasawhollymorphologicalthing. It gives an instruction to the morpho-phonology about how the item it is part of should be exsed. We ll put a similarly named feature in 0 position. But this feature will have a denotation. It will contribute the information that makes a clause semantically tensed. You can think of these two features as reenting the two parts of what make a word: its morphology and its denotation. In these scenarios, those two parts are separated. When words have been broken up in this way, eement must hold between them. We ll call the feature that is just morphological unvalued, and the feature that has a denotation, valued. (14) An unvalued feature must be valued by eeing with a valued feature by S-structure. A valued feature must ee with a matching unvalued feature if it is not morphologically exsed. (15) α s with β ifαc-commands β andtheirfeaturesmatch. Wewillthinkof asarulethatmakesaderivation.sowenowhavederivations like(16). P like u u u P like P natto natto like u u natto I ve marked the unvalued features with u, and indicated when ve been valued with. I ve also now spelled out the features relevant for the 0 part of the morphology. hese are the person and number features whose ultimate source 2
3 isthesubject.we llcomebacktohowtheinformationgetsfromthesubjectonto 0 ;atent,we llfocusonhowthisinformationgetsfrom 0 totheverb. he system I ve designed here uses what are known as privative features. You ll see other feature systems in the literature. Another popular system is one that uses feature classes, along with particular values. So, for instance, instead of the reentation in (13), we have (17) (now adding the person and number information). (18) P PRO agr P PRO P agr P (17) =has =eats P P have tense: person: number: eat tense: person: number: inf AP inf AP On this system, unvalued features are reented by not giving the feature class itsvalue(e.g.,tense:)andisconceivedofaspassingthosevaluesfromone feature class to another. Yet another popular system allows for features to have valencies, so that we have things like - and +. A related system employs a feature geometry, that allows some features to be composed of other features. hese last two systems are designed to exs relationships among features. I don t anticipate running into phenomena that require recourse to any of these more sophisticated feature systems. A feature+ system now allows us to capture the situation with nonauxiliary verbs in English. It can also handle the situation with non-auxiliary verbs in French, although in this situation what the features are that belong to 0 is obscure. French infinitival verbs do not inflect for person or number. I ll simply use agr to reent this mystery feature. sembler uagr inf heureux sembler agr inf heureux Whatwedon tcaptureinthefrenchcaseisthattheverbmovesto 0.It snotperfectlyclearfromwhatwehavethatthismovementisrequired,butlet sassumeit is.previously,weforcedheadmovementbyputtingamorphemeinanx 0 positionwhichwetreatedasaboundaffix,andletthataffix sneedtobepartofaword only be satisfied if it shared its X 0 position with its stem. We ve broadened how morphology sneedtobespokencanbesatisfiednowwith.sothatwon t be strictly possible any longer. But perhaps we can allow for the same requirement nonetheless. Let s mark features that have that requirement with. Let s assume that all the morphemes that reside in 0 in French have. We ll adopt (19) and this will force the derivation in(18) to include(20). (19) ByS-structure,anX 0 thatcontains mustbewithinay 0 thatcontainsthe features it s with. 3
4 (20) P PRO agr sembler agr inf inf P P AP heureux he will be our way of forcing movement. How will we prevent it? he X 0 onstraint is of use only in cases where two words try to occupy one head position, and are not able to form a single word thereby. But that won t be of help when the heads involved can form a single word. For instance, why can t English finite clauses involve movement of non-auxiliary verbs. (21) P here should be nothing wrong with this. After all, if the verb were an auxiliary, itwouldbeabletoresultinthisstructure.sowhatblocksthis? homsky (1995) suggested that we might block this by invoking a very general condition on derivations that requires every operation that is invoked to be required.heideahereisveryclosetotheonethatliesbehindfaithfulnessconstraints in Optimality heoretic frameworks. Every departure from a D-structure must be warranted by some requirement that prevents that D-structure from beingagoods-structure.i mgoingtoformulatehomsky sideainawaythatdavid Pesetsky1 suggested. His name for the constraint is Earliness. (22) Earliness Let U be a fixed D-structure reentation and D ={D,D 1,...,D n } be all the grammatical derivations from U to some reentation that satisfiestheconditionsonwell-formeds-structures.every D i D isungrammaticalif D i isgreaterthansomeother D in D,where D isthe numberofelementsin D. his will prevent the derivation that leads to(21), since there is a shorter derivation that just involves ment operations that inflect the verb. HowcanweensurethatauxiliaryverbsinEnglishmovetofinite?Obviouslythereisnothingaboutthefeaturesthatlivein 0 inenglishthatrequires this, as main verbs don t move. It must be something about auxiliaries. I suggest, then,thatwelettherootsofauxiliaryverbscomewith.becausethefeaturesthat arebundledwiththisrootareinanrelationwiththefeaturesin 0, will have to be brought together with Head Movement. P like P natto 1 See Pesetsky(1989). 4
5 (23) P (25) P P P vp AdvP not P P eaten natto Now let s consider what happens when negation is ent. In these contexts, wewanttheauxiliaryverbtobeabletomoveinto,butblockaltogether between and every other verb. hat s not easy to do with the tools available to us, and indeed, there is not a method that works without stipulation. I ll propose something here that is a combination of several ideas in the literature. I don t believe there is a standard solution to the problem, so this is a parochial analysis. First, let s try to prevent between and the verb when is ent. One way this can be achieved is by building the Head Movement onstraint into. (24) αswithβifαc-commandsβ,theirfeaturesmatchandthereisno γ 0 thatc-commands β andisc-commandedbyα. hiswillpreventfrombeingabletovaluethepersonandnumberfeatures across negation. like u u natto If failsinthisway,thenwecanblockmovementoftheverbbymakingit contingent on. Let s adopt(26). (26) IfX 0 movestoy 0,then mustholdbetweenthem. It will also, wrongly, prevent from holding between 0 and 0 even when 0 isn tent.hatis,itwouldblockthethirdstepinthederivationin (16).hat sbecause 0 willbeintheway.onewayofsolvingthatproblemistolet 0 alsohavepersonandnumberfeaturesthatgetvaluedby 0 andwhichthen with 0. Okay,butnowhowarewetoallowauxiliaryverbstomoveto 0?hiswon t be pretty. Suppose that English auxiliaries have two versions. One with and another without negation built into them. 5
6 (27) =haven t =have =wasn t =was (29) P uneg u ual uent u ual uent be uneg u upast be u upast Only auxiliary verbs (and modals) have these negative forms. Note that the neg feature contain is unvalued. hat is, it is a morphological instruction not a semanticone.heplacethatnegationshouldbesemanticallyinterpretedisin 0. So here s what a D-structure will look like with a negated auxiliary verb. Jill sing AdvP not neg P (28) P P Jill sing AdvP not P uneg u vp eaten natto neg P can now hold between 0 and the higher of the two 0. hat allows the neg feature in 0 to value the neg feature in 0, and that licenses Head Movement to combine them. (Again, the requires that Head Movement combinethem.) uneg u u vp eaten natto can hold between 0 and 0, and this allows Head Movement to bring them together.(moreover, because of the, must combine.) 6
7 (30) P (31) P Jill Jill AdvP sing not P neg sing AdvP not P neg u neg P vp eaten natto neg sing P vp eaten natto Andfinally,canholdbetween 0 andthehigher 0,andthislicenses movementof 0 to 0. Finally, let s consider auxiliary verbs in French. In finite clauses, these behave justlikeanyotherverbinbeingforcedtomovethrough 0 to 0.Wecancapture this by letting the features in 0 (and perhaps also 0 ) have in French. Putting on the features in these positions will drive any verb in an relation up to them, and this is what we find. And recall that this is possible even whenisentbecausetheheadofmovesoutoftheway. 7
8 (32) P (33) P PRO Jean AdvP AdvP ne agr pas P ne agr pas P P P 0 aime u u Marie Fromthereentationin(32),itispossible for 0 to with 0,andthis willallowtheverbtoheadmoveto 0.Oncein 0,itcan with 0,and thisallowsmovementof 0 to 0. But consider now the situation with infinitival clauses. Here we find that movementoftheauxiliaryverbcanhappento 0 butthatitneednot.atent we would expect S-structure parses for infinitival clauses with auxiliary verbs to look like(33). aver inf uagr inf I don t know what the features in 0 are, so I ve simply put agr in there. If we assumethatarenecessarytodeterminewhattheformofthe 0 is,thenwe canletanunvaluedfeatureonaver with 0.hatshouldbepossiblein (33). And we know that 0 doesn t have, because otherwise all verbs would obligatorilymoveupthere.wealsoknowthatauxiliaryverbsdon thave,asthat wouldrequireeveryauxiliaryverbtomoveto 0,and(33)isagrammaticalSstructure. So the problem is, then, how does Earliest allow 0 to move to 0 when it isn t required? his seems to be a genuine counterexample to a system that has something likeearliest.idon tknowwhattodoaboutit.earliesthassomeutilitybeyondthe cases we re looking at now, so we shouldn t jettison it. Pollock mentions that the two word orders belong to different registers. Perhaps we could speculate that registers constitute different grammars, and that speakers of French command both. Ifweimaginethatoneoftheregistershas onauxiliaryverbs,thenthiswillforce movementfrom 0 to 0 inthesecontexts. You can probably see that this system has some similarities to the complementizer system. We saw that English has two complementizers that force movement ofmaterialtothem.woofthosecomplementizersforcemovementof 0 to 0 P 8
9 when occur. hese complementizers show up in root 0 positions only. o bring these cases into our system we will have to assume that the complementizers inthesepositionshaveafeaturethatvalueon 0,andthatcarry.I don tknowwhatthisfeatureis,soi lljustcallitq. (34) P Q P Shirley should uq P eat natto We can recast the generalization we discovered about English complementizers earlier as: (35) A complementizer that heads a root clause must have. he other question complementizer comes with a feature that forces whphrases to move to its Specifier. Let s call this feature wh. And let s assume that anunvaluedwhisfoundonthosesthatarewh-phrases.soascenarioinvolving this complementizer might look like(36). (36) P Q wh Smith P P likes P uwh who As it s ently formulated, won t allow the wh feature on the object to be valued. hat s because ently builds in the Head Movement onstraint itdoesn tallow toskipahead. (24) αswithβifαc-commandsβ,theirfeaturesmatchandthereisno γ 0 thatc-commands β andisc-commandedbyα. Wedidthisaspartofourexplanationforwhy 0 blocks from 0 to 0.Inthisscenario,though,weneedtolet crossseveralheads.ifwecan release from the Head Movement onstraint, then from(36), we ll have a derivation like that in(37). 9
10 (37) P P (39) P Q wh P Smith P wh who Q wh Smith P P Q wh uwh who P P P P P likes wh who likes likes uwh who (ImaginethatthePwearelookingatisembedded,sothatthereisno onq,and consequentlynomovementof 0 to 0.)heresultofmovementheredoesn t satisfyourconditionon,whichisdesignedjustforthecaseofheadmovement. (19) ByS-structure,anX 0 thatcontains mustbewithinay 0 thatcontainsthe features it s with. Solet srewritethissothatitcanapplytothesecasesaswell. (38) LetF be a bulleted feature and Y 0 be the head position containingf. eementmustpairf withsomethingthatisadaughterofanxprojectionofy 0. But can we rewrite so that the Head Movement onstraint is bled from it? If we simply strike the clause that exses the Head Movement onstraint, we ll have to find another account for why blocks. Interestingly, there is evidence that is subject to a locality constraint in these contexts of the questions. his locality condition shows up when there are two swiththewhfeature,asin(39). he S-structure that emerges from(39) is(40a), and not(40b). (40) Salasked... a. who likes who. b. *whowholikes. hecontrastin(40)illustrateswhatisknownas Superiority. (40b)issaidtobe a Superiority violation. Roughly speaking, the generalization about Superiority isthatiftherearetwowhphrases,αandβ,andαc-commandsβ,thenqcanonly with α. If we look at Superiority and the Head Movement onstraint together, then onewayofstatingonerestrictionon thatcapturesthembothis(41). (41) α s with β only if α c-commands β, α and β have matching features,andthereisnoγthatc-commandsβwhichαcouldhaveed with. 10
11 . References homsky, Noam he minimalist program. ambridge, Massachusetts: MI Press. Pesetsky, David he earliness principle. Paper ented at GLOW. 11
Other types of Movement
Other types of Movement So far we seen Wh-movement, which moves certain types of (XP) constituents to the specifier of a CP. Wh-movement is also called A-bar movement. We will look at two more types of
More information(7) a. [ PP to John], Mary gave the book t [PP]. b. [ VP fix the car], I wonder whether she will t [VP].
CAS LX 522 Syntax I Fall 2000 September 18, 2000 Paul Hagstrom Week 2: Movement Movement Last time, we talked about subcategorization. (1) a. I can solve this problem. b. This problem, I can solve. (2)
More informationCh. 2: Phrase Structure Syntactic Structure (basic concepts) A tree diagram marks constituents hierarchically
Ch. 2: Phrase Structure Syntactic Structure (basic concepts) A tree diagram marks constituents hierarchically NP S AUX VP Ali will V NP help D N the man A node is any point in the tree diagram and it can
More informationSemantics and Generative Grammar. Quantificational DPs, Part 3: Covert Movement vs. Type Shifting 1
Quantificational DPs, Part 3: Covert Movement vs. Type Shifting 1 1. Introduction Thus far, we ve considered two competing analyses of sentences like those in (1). (1) Sentences Where a Quantificational
More informationSpring 2018 Ling 620 The Basics of Intensional Semantics, Part 1: The Motivation for Intensions and How to Formalize Them 1
The Basics of Intensional Semantics, Part 1: The Motivation for Intensions and How to Formalize Them 1 1. The Inadequacies of a Purely Extensional Semantics (1) Extensional Semantics a. The interpretation
More information1. Background. Task: Determine whether a given string of words is a grammatical (well-formed) sentence of language L i or not.
Constraints in Syntax [1] Phrase Structure and Derivations Düsseldorf LSA/DGfS Summerschool 2002 Gereon Müller (IDS Mannheim) gereon.mueller@ids-mannheim.de 1. Background Task: Determine whether a given
More informationIntroduction to Semantics. The Formalization of Meaning 1
The Formalization of Meaning 1 1. Obtaining a System That Derives Truth Conditions (1) The Goal of Our Enterprise To develop a system that, for every sentence S of English, derives the truth-conditions
More informationAnother look at PSRs: Intermediate Structure. Starting X-bar theory
Another look at PSRs: Intermediate Structure Starting X-bar theory Andrew Carnie, 2006 Substitution Andrew Carnie, 2006 Substitution If a group of words can be replaced by a single word, they are a constituent.
More informationSpring 2017 Ling 620. The Semantics of Modals, Part 3: The Ordering Source 1
1. On Our Last Episode The Semantics of Modals, Part 3: The Ordering Source 1 We developed a semantics for modal auxiliaries in English, that achieved the goals in (1). (1) Overarching Analytic Goal A
More informationSemantics and Generative Grammar. A Little Bit on Adverbs and Events
A Little Bit on Adverbs and Events 1. From Adjectives to Adverbs to Events We ve just developed a theory of the semantics of adjectives, under which they denote either functions of type (intersective
More informationTHE DRAVIDIAN EXPERIENCER CONSTRUCTION AND THE ENGLISH SEEM CONSTRUCTION. K. A. Jayaseelan CIEFL, Hyderabad
THE DRAVIDIAN EXPERIENCER CONSTRUCTION AND THE ENGLISH SEEM CONSTRUCTION K. A. Jayaseelan CIEFL, Hyderabad 1. Introduction In many languages e.g. Malayalam, Tamil, Hindi, the same verb is used in the Experiencer
More informationSpring 2017 Ling 620. An Introduction to the Semantics of Tense 1
1. Introducing Evaluation Times An Introduction to the Semantics of Tense 1 (1) Obvious, Fundamental Fact about Sentences of English The truth of some sentences (of English) depends upon the time they
More informationCAS LX 522 Syntax I Fall 2000 October 10, 2000 Week 5: Case Theory and θ Theory. θ-theory continued
CAS LX 522 Syntax I Fall 2000 October 0, 2000 Paul Hagstrom Week 5: Case Theory and θ Theory θ-theory continued From last time: verbs have θ-roles (e.g., Agent, Theme, ) to assign, specified in the lexicon
More informationSemantics and Generative Grammar. The Semantics of Adjectival Modification 1. (1) Our Current Assumptions Regarding Adjectives and Common Ns
The Semantics of Adjectival Modification 1 (1) Our Current Assumptions Regarding Adjectives and Common Ns a. Both adjectives and common nouns denote functions of type (i) [[ male ]] = [ λx : x D
More information1 Rules in a Feature Grammar
27 Feature Grammars and Unification Drew McDermott drew.mcdermott@yale.edu 2015-11-20, 11-30, 2016-10-28 Yale CS470/570 1 Rules in a Feature Grammar Grammar rules look like this example (using Shieber
More informationSpring 2018 Ling 620 Introduction to Semantics of Questions: Questions as Sets of Propositions (Hamblin 1973, Karttunen 1977)
Introduction to Semantics of Questions: Questions as Sets of Propositions (Hamblin 1973, Karttunen 1977) 1. Question Meanings and Sets of Propositions (1) The Semantics of Declarative Sentence Dave smokes
More informationWh-movement. CAS LX 522 Syntax I Fall 2001 November 6, 2001
AS LX 522 Syntax I Fall 200 November 6, 200 Paul Hagstrom Week 9: Wh-movement Preliminary tree to remind ourselves: They will bake a cake. () P [ Q] T T VP will P bake they NP a N cake Verb bake needs
More informationX-bar theory. X-bar :
is one of the greatest contributions of generative school in the filed of knowledge system. Besides linguistics, computer science is greatly indebted to Chomsky to have propounded the theory of x-bar.
More informationSpring 2018 Ling 620 The Semantics of Modals, Part 1: Basics of the Quantificational Analysis, and the Appearance of Ambiguity 1
The Semantics of Modals, Part 1: Basics of the Quantificational Analysis, and the Appearance of Ambiguity 1 (1) Overarching Question What is the meaning of the modal auxiliaries in English, exemplified
More informationSolution to Proof Questions from September 1st
Solution to Proof Questions from September 1st Olena Bormashenko September 4, 2011 What is a proof? A proof is an airtight logical argument that proves a certain statement in general. In a sense, it s
More informationRaising and Passive. Jean Mark Gawron. Linguistics 522 San Diego State University
Raising and Passive Jean Mark Gawron Linguistics 522 San Diego State University gawron@mail.sdsu.edu http://www.rohan.sdsu.edu/ gawron Raising and Passive p. 1/20 Sentences Part I Raising and Passive p.
More informationControl and Tough- Movement
Control and Tough- Movement Carl Pollard February 2, 2012 Control (1/5) We saw that PRO is used for the unrealized subject of nonfinite verbals and predicatives where the subject plays a semantic role
More informationDiscrete Structures Proofwriting Checklist
CS103 Winter 2019 Discrete Structures Proofwriting Checklist Cynthia Lee Keith Schwarz Now that we re transitioning to writing proofs about discrete structures like binary relations, functions, and graphs,
More informationProseminar on Semantic Theory Fall 2015 Ling 720 Adnominal Tenses Redux: Thomas (2014) Nominal Tense and Temporal Implicatures
Adnominal Tenses Redux: Thomas (2014) Nominal Tense and Temporal Implicatures 1. Tense and Nominal Tense in Mbya: A Challenge for Tonhauser (2007) Mbya is a Guarani language of Brazil, Argentina, and Paraguay.
More informationControl and Tough- Movement
Department of Linguistics Ohio State University February 2, 2012 Control (1/5) We saw that PRO is used for the unrealized subject of nonfinite verbals and predicatives where the subject plays a semantic
More informationSpring 2017 Ling 620. The Semantics of Modals, Part 2: The Modal Base 1
1. On Our Last Episode The Semantics of Modals, Part 2: The Modal Base 1 (1) The Failure of a Lexical Ambiguity Account Postulating separate lexical entries for all the different readings of a modal misses
More informationCAS LX 523 Syntax II Spring 2001 March 13, (1) A qp. Kayne, Richard (1995). The antisymmetry of syntax. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
CAS LX 52 Syntax II Spring 200 March, 200 Paul Hagstrom Week 7: Antisymmetry Kayne, Richard (995). The antisymmetry of syntax. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press. Koopman, Hilda (2000). The spec-head configuration.
More informationProseminar on Semantic Theory Fall 2010 Ling 720. Remko Scha (1981/1984): Distributive, Collective and Cumulative Quantification
1. Introduction Remko Scha (1981/1984): Distributive, Collective and Cumulative Quantification (1) The Importance of Scha (1981/1984) The first modern work on plurals (Landman 2000) There are many ideas
More informationProseminar on Semantic Theory Fall 2013 Ling 720 The Proper Treatment of Quantification in Ordinary English, Part 1: The Fragment of English
The Proper Treatment of Quantification in Ordinary English, Part 1: The Fragment of English We will now explore the analysis of English that Montague puts forth in his seminal paper, PTQ. As we ve already
More informationLing 98a: The Meaning of Negation (Week 5)
Yimei Xiang yxiang@fas.harvard.edu 15 October 2013 1 Review Negation in propositional logic, oppositions, term logic of Aristotle Presuppositions Projection and accommodation Three-valued logic External/internal
More informationEquational Logic and Term Rewriting: Lecture I
Why so many logics? You all know classical propositional logic. Why would we want anything more? Equational Logic and Term Rewriting: Lecture I One reason is that we might want to change some basic logical
More informationUniformity of Theta- Assignment Hypothesis. Transit i ve s. Unaccusatives. Unergatives. Double object constructions. Previously... Bill lied.
Preiously... Uniformity of Theta- Assignment Hypothesis, daughter of P = Agent, daughter of P = Theme PP, daughter of! = Goal P called P Chris P P books gae P to PP Chris Unaccusaties Transit i e s The
More informationChapter 14. From Randomness to Probability. Copyright 2012, 2008, 2005 Pearson Education, Inc.
Chapter 14 From Randomness to Probability Copyright 2012, 2008, 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. Dealing with Random Phenomena A random phenomenon is a situation in which we know what outcomes could happen,
More informationAdding Some. Larry Moss. Nordic Logic School August 7-11, Indiana University 1/37
1/37 Adding Some Larry Moss Indiana University Nordic Logic School August 7-11, 2017 2/37 What this chapter is about We started with the very small logic A of All x are y. And most recently we added verbs
More informationModels of Adjunction in Minimalist Grammars
Models of Adjunction in Minimalist Grammars Thomas Graf mail@thomasgraf.net http://thomasgraf.net Stony Brook University FG 2014 August 17, 2014 The Theory-Neutral CliffsNotes Insights Several properties
More informationCS1800: Strong Induction. Professor Kevin Gold
CS1800: Strong Induction Professor Kevin Gold Mini-Primer/Refresher on Unrelated Topic: Limits This is meant to be a problem about reasoning about quantifiers, with a little practice of other skills, too
More informationConstituency. Doug Arnold
Constituency Doug Arnold doug@essex.ac.uk Spose we have a string... xyz..., how can we establish whether xyz is a constituent (i.e. syntactic unit); i.e. whether the representation of... xyz... should
More informationLecture 17: Floyd-Hoare Logic for Partial Correctness
Lecture 17: Floyd-Hoare Logic for Partial Correctness Aims: To look at the following inference rules Page 1 of 9 sequence; assignment and consequence. 17.1. The Deduction System for Partial Correctness
More informationMust... stay... strong!
Alex Goebel 620 Spring 2016 Paper Presentation of von Fintel & Gillies (2010) Synopsis Must... stay... strong! Von Fintel & Gillies (vf&g) argue against a weakened semantics of must and propose an alternative
More informationCAS LX 522 Syntax I November 4, 2002 Week 9: Wh-movement, supplement
CAS LX 522 Syntax I November 4, 2002 Fall 2002 Week 9: Wh-movement, supplement () Italian Tuo fratello ( your brother ), [ CP a cui i [ TP mi domando [ CP che storie i [ TP abbiano raccontato t i t j...
More informationToss 1. Fig.1. 2 Heads 2 Tails Heads/Tails (H, H) (T, T) (H, T) Fig.2
1 Basic Probabilities The probabilities that we ll be learning about build from the set theory that we learned last class, only this time, the sets are specifically sets of events. What are events? Roughly,
More informationComputationele grammatica
Computationele grammatica Docent: Paola Monachesi Contents First Last Prev Next Contents 1 Unbounded dependency constructions (UDCs)............... 3 2 Some data...............................................
More informationAristotle s Definition of Kinêsis: Physics III.1
Aristotle s Definition of Kinêsis: Physics III.1 Background In Physics I.7, Aristotle told us that change (coming to be) involved a subject (that persists through the change and a pair of contraries (the
More information2 A not-quite-argument for X-bar structure in noun phrases
CAS LX 321 / GRS LX 621 Syntax: Introduction to Sentential Structure ovember 16, 2017 1 and pronouns (1) he linguists yodel. (2) We linguists yodel. (3) hey looked at us linguists. (4) hey looked at linguists.
More informationLogical Translations Jean Mark Gawron San Diego State University. 1 Introduction 2
Logical Translations Jean Mark Gawron San Diego State University Contents 1 Introduction 2 2 Truth-Functional Connectives 2 2.1 And................................ 2 2.2 Or.................................
More informationFirst Order Logic: Syntax and Semantics
irst Order Logic: Syntax and Semantics COMP30412 Sean Bechhofer sean.bechhofer@manchester.ac.uk Logic Recap You should already know the basics of irst Order Logic (OL) It s a prerequisite of this course!
More informationSeminar in Semantics: Gradation & Modality Winter 2014
1 Subject matter Seminar in Semantics: Gradation & Modality Winter 2014 Dan Lassiter 1/8/14 Handout: Basic Modal Logic and Kratzer (1977) [M]odality is the linguistic phenomenon whereby grammar allows
More informationWhen you are old: YEATS
When you are old: YEATS Goals: - Discovering a masterpiece of literature with the help of a comic strip. - analysing oppositions between words - analysing some grammar points - FINAL TASK: - Expressing
More information564 Lecture 25 Nov. 23, Continuing note on presuppositional vs. nonpresuppositional dets.
564 Lecture 25 Nov. 23, 1999 1 Continuing note on presuppositional vs. nonpresuppositional dets. Here's the argument about the nonpresupp vs. presupp analysis of "every" that I couldn't reconstruct last
More informationHPSG II: the plot thickens
Syntactic Models 2/21/06 HPSG II: the plot thickens 1 Passive: a lexical rule that rearranges ARG-ST! (1) Passive Lexical Rule < 1, tv - lxm ARG - ST INDEX i < FPSP 1 a, > part - lxm SYN HEAD FORM pass
More information, (1) e i = ˆσ 1 h ii. c 2016, Jeffrey S. Simonoff 1
Regression diagnostics As is true of all statistical methodologies, linear regression analysis can be a very effective way to model data, as along as the assumptions being made are true. For the regression
More information1 Review of The Learning Setting
COS 5: Theoretical Machine Learning Lecturer: Rob Schapire Lecture #8 Scribe: Changyan Wang February 28, 208 Review of The Learning Setting Last class, we moved beyond the PAC model: in the PAC model we
More informationMoreno Mitrović. The Saarland Lectures on Formal Semantics
,, 3 Moreno Mitrović The Saarland Lectures on Formal Semantics λ- λ- λ- ( λ- ) Before we move onto this, let's recall our f -notation for intransitive verbs 1/33 λ- ( λ- ) Before we move onto this, let's
More informationNotes 11: OLS Theorems ECO 231W - Undergraduate Econometrics
Notes 11: OLS Theorems ECO 231W - Undergraduate Econometrics Prof. Carolina Caetano For a while we talked about the regression method. Then we talked about the linear model. There were many details, but
More informationIntellectual Property of Mariamalia Hidalgo
Grammar Review Present Tense of BE Present I am ( m) am not you are ( re) aren t Affirmative sentences Subject + verb be + object. he is ( s) isn t sentences Subject + (verb be + not) + object. she is
More informationProseminar on Semantic Theory Fall 2010 Ling 720 The Basics of Plurals: Part 1 1 The Meaning of Plural NPs and the Nature of Predication Over Plurals
The Basics of Plurals: Part 1 1 The Meaning of Plural NPs and the Nature of Predication Over Plurals 1. Introductory Questions and Guesses (1) Blindingly Obvious Fact about Natural Language There is number
More informationPreptests 55 Answers and Explanations (By Ivy Global) Section 4 Logic Games
Section 4 Logic Games Questions 1 6 There aren t too many deductions we can make in this game, and it s best to just note how the rules interact and save your time for answering the questions. 1. Type
More informationTwo Reconstruction Puzzles Yael Sharvit University of Connecticut
Workshop on Direct Compositionality June 19-21, 2003 Brown University Two Reconstruction Puzzles Yael Sharvit University of Connecticut yael.sharvit@uconn.edu Some constructions exhibit what is known as
More informationThe Philosophy of Physics. Special Relativity and Minkowski Spacetime
The Philosophy of Physics Lecture Five Special Relativity and Minkowski Spacetime Rob Trueman rob.trueman@york.ac.uk University of York Special Relativity a quick refresher Special Relativity and Minkowski
More informationIntroduction to Proofs
Introduction to Proofs Many times in economics we will need to prove theorems to show that our theories can be supported by speci c assumptions. While economics is an observational science, we use mathematics
More informationA proof theoretical account of polarity items and monotonic inference.
A proof theoretical account of polarity items and monotonic inference. Raffaella Bernardi UiL OTS, University of Utrecht e-mail: Raffaella.Bernardi@let.uu.nl Url: http://www.let.uu.nl/ Raffaella.Bernardi/personal
More informationThe Semantics of Questions Introductory remarks
MIT, September-October 2012 1 1. Goals for this class The Semantics of Questions Introductory remarks (1) a. Which boy (among John, Bill and Fred) read the book? Uniqueness presupposition (UP): exactly
More informationPrimary Objectives. Content Standards (CCSS) Mathematical Practices (CCMP) Materials. Before Beginning
THE FALL OF JAVERT Could Inspector Javert have survived the fall? Mathalicious 2013 lesson guide At the end of the popular musical Les Misérables, a dejected Inspector Javert throws himself off a bridge
More informationLine Integrals and Path Independence
Line Integrals and Path Independence We get to talk about integrals that are the areas under a line in three (or more) dimensional space. These are called, strangely enough, line integrals. Figure 11.1
More informationINTRODUCTION TO LOGIC 8 Identity and Definite Descriptions
8.1 Qualitative and Numerical Identity INTRODUCTION TO LOGIC 8 Identity and Definite Descriptions Volker Halbach Keith and Volker have the same car. Keith and Volker have identical cars. Keith and Volker
More informationSpring 2017 Ling 620 The Semantics of Control Infinitives: A First Introduction to De Se Attitudes
The Semantics of Control Infinitives: A First Introduction to De Se Attitudes 1. Non-Finite Control Complements and De Se Attitudes (1) Two Sentences that Seem Very Close in Meaning a. Dave expects he
More informationHPSG: Binding Theory
HPSG: Binding Theory Doug Arnold doug@essexacuk Introduction Binding Theory is to do with the syntactic restrictions on the distribution of referentially dependent items and their antecedents: reflexives/reciprocals
More informationLecture 7. Logic. Section1: Statement Logic.
Ling 726: Mathematical Linguistics, Logic, Section : Statement Logic V. Borschev and B. Partee, October 5, 26 p. Lecture 7. Logic. Section: Statement Logic.. Statement Logic..... Goals..... Syntax of Statement
More informationPresuppositions (introductory comments)
1 Presuppositions (introductory comments) Some examples (1) a. The person who broke the typewriter was Sam. b. It was Sam who broke the typewriter. c. John screwed up again. d. John likes Mary, too. e.
More informationBasics of conversational implicatures
Semantics I, Rutgers University Week 12 Yimei Xiang November 19, 2018 1. Implication relations Basics of conversational implicatures Implication relations are inferential relations between sentences. A
More informationParsing Beyond Context-Free Grammars: Tree Adjoining Grammars
Parsing Beyond Context-Free Grammars: Tree Adjoining Grammars Laura Kallmeyer & Tatiana Bladier Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf Sommersemester 2018 Kallmeyer, Bladier SS 2018 Parsing Beyond CFG:
More informationBasics of Proofs. 1 The Basics. 2 Proof Strategies. 2.1 Understand What s Going On
Basics of Proofs The Putnam is a proof based exam and will expect you to write proofs in your solutions Similarly, Math 96 will also require you to write proofs in your homework solutions If you ve seen
More informationLecture 15: Exploding and Vanishing Gradients
Lecture 15: Exploding and Vanishing Gradients Roger Grosse 1 Introduction Last lecture, we introduced RNNs and saw how to derive the gradients using backprop through time. In principle, this lets us train
More informationProbability and the Second Law of Thermodynamics
Probability and the Second Law of Thermodynamics Stephen R. Addison January 24, 200 Introduction Over the next several class periods we will be reviewing the basic results of probability and relating probability
More informationTruth-Functional Logic
Truth-Functional Logic Syntax Every atomic sentence (A, B, C, ) is a sentence and are sentences With ϕ a sentence, the negation ϕ is a sentence With ϕ and ψ sentences, the conjunction ϕ ψ is a sentence
More informationIntroduction to Semantics. Pronouns and Variable Assignments. We ve seen that implicatures are crucially related to context.
Pronouns and Variable Assignments 1. Putting this Unit in Context (1) What We ve Done So Far This Unit Expanded our semantic theory so that it includes (the beginnings of) a theory of how the presuppositions
More informationThe Semantics of Definite DPs 1. b. Argument Position: (i) [ A politician ] arrived from Washington. (ii) Joe likes [ the politician ].
The Semantics of Definite DPs 1 Thus far, our semantics is able to interpret common nouns that occupy predicate position (1a). However, the most common position for common nouns to occupy is internal to
More informationStepanov 2007: The End of CED? Minimalism and Extraction Domains
Stepanov (2007) Stepanov 2007: The End of CED? Minimalism and Extraction Domains 1 Introduction In English (and other languages), overt wh-extraction out of subjects or adjuncts (as opposed to objects)
More informationShift-Reduce parser E + (E + (E) E [a-z] In each stage, we shift a symbol from the input to the stack, or reduce according to one of the rules.
Bottom-up Parsing Bottom-up Parsing Until now we started with the starting nonterminal S and tried to derive the input from it. In a way, this isn t the natural thing to do. It s much more logical to start
More informationAgreement is Feature Sharing 1
Comments, criticisms, remarks, etc. are very welcome. Send email to either author: frampton@neu.edu or sgutm@neu.edu Agreement is Feature Sharing 1 Version 2 John Frampton and Sam Gutmann Northeastern
More informationAlgebra. Here are a couple of warnings to my students who may be here to get a copy of what happened on a day that you missed.
This document was written and copyrighted by Paul Dawkins. Use of this document and its online version is governed by the Terms and Conditions of Use located at. The online version of this document is
More informationCS 124 Math Review Section January 29, 2018
CS 124 Math Review Section CS 124 is more math intensive than most of the introductory courses in the department. You re going to need to be able to do two things: 1. Perform some clever calculations to
More informationCH 59 SQUARE ROOTS. Every positive number has two square roots. Ch 59 Square Roots. Introduction
59 CH 59 SQUARE ROOTS Introduction W e saw square roots when we studied the Pythagorean Theorem. They may have been hidden, but when the end of a right-triangle problem resulted in an equation like c =
More informationPreparing for the CS 173 (A) Fall 2018 Midterm 1
Preparing for the CS 173 (A) Fall 2018 Midterm 1 1 Basic information Midterm 1 is scheduled from 7:15-8:30 PM. We recommend you arrive early so that you can start exactly at 7:15. Exams will be collected
More informationMA103 STATEMENTS, PROOF, LOGIC
MA103 STATEMENTS, PROOF, LOGIC Abstract Mathematics is about making precise mathematical statements and establishing, by proof or disproof, whether these statements are true or false. We start by looking
More informationPropositional Logic Review
Propositional Logic Review UC Berkeley, Philosophy 142, Spring 2016 John MacFarlane The task of describing a logical system comes in three parts: Grammar Describing what counts as a formula Semantics Defining
More informationCAS LX 500 Topics in Linguistics: Questions Spring 2006 March 2, b: Prosody and Japanese wh-questions
CAS LX 500 Topics in Linguistics: Questions Spring 2006 March 2, 2006 Paul Hagstrom 7b: Prosody and Japanese wh-questions Prosody by phase Prosody and syntax seem to fit quite tightly together. Ishihara,
More informationCategories and Transformations 321
Categories and ransformations 321 4.10 Functional Categories and Formal Features What precedes substantially revises the framework developed in chapters 1 3. But we have not yet subjected functional categories
More informationNondeterministic finite automata
Lecture 3 Nondeterministic finite automata This lecture is focused on the nondeterministic finite automata (NFA) model and its relationship to the DFA model. Nondeterminism is an important concept in the
More informationCS1800: Hex & Logic. Professor Kevin Gold
CS1800: Hex & Logic Professor Kevin Gold Reviewing Last Time: Binary Last time, we saw that arbitrary numbers can be represented in binary. Each place in a binary number stands for a different power of
More informationThe same definition may henceforth be expressed as follows:
34 Executing the Fregean Program The extension of "lsit under this scheme of abbreviation is the following set X of ordered triples: X := { E D x D x D : x introduces y to z}. How is this extension
More informationTo every formula scheme there corresponds a property of R. This relationship helps one to understand the logic being studied.
Modal Logic (2) There appeared to be a correspondence between the validity of Φ Φ and the property that the accessibility relation R is reflexive. The connection between them is that both relied on the
More informationDeduction by Daniel Bonevac. Chapter 3 Truth Trees
Deduction by Daniel Bonevac Chapter 3 Truth Trees Truth trees Truth trees provide an alternate decision procedure for assessing validity, logical equivalence, satisfiability and other logical properties
More information(1) If Bush had not won the last election, then Nader would have won it.
24.221 Metaphysics Counterfactuals When the truth functional material conditional (or ) is introduced, it is normally glossed with the English expression If..., then.... However, if this is the correct
More informationSemantics and Generative Grammar. Pronouns and Variable Assignments 1. We ve seen that implicatures are crucially related to context.
Pronouns and Variable Assignments 1 1. Putting this Unit in Context (1) What We ve Done So Far This Unit Expanded our semantic theory so that it includes (the beginnings of) a theory of how the presuppositions
More informationIntroduction to Semantics. Common Nouns and Adjectives in Predicate Position 1
Common Nouns and Adjectives in Predicate Position 1 (1) The Lexicon of Our System at Present a. Proper Names: [[ Barack ]] = Barack b. Intransitive Verbs: [[ smokes ]] = [ λx : x D e. IF x smokes THEN
More informationPreptests 59 Answers and Explanations (By Ivy Global) Section 1 Analytical Reasoning
Preptests 59 Answers and Explanations (By ) Section 1 Analytical Reasoning Questions 1 5 Since L occupies its own floor, the remaining two must have H in the upper and I in the lower. P and T also need
More informationAn Introduction to Laws of Large Numbers
An to Laws of John CVGMI Group Contents 1 Contents 1 2 Contents 1 2 3 Contents 1 2 3 4 Intuition We re working with random variables. What could we observe? {X n } n=1 Intuition We re working with random
More information8. TRANSFORMING TOOL #1 (the Addition Property of Equality)
8 TRANSFORMING TOOL #1 (the Addition Property of Equality) sentences that look different, but always have the same truth values What can you DO to a sentence that will make it LOOK different, but not change
More information27. THESE SENTENCES CERTAINLY LOOK DIFFERENT
27 HESE SENENCES CERAINLY LOOK DIEREN comparing expressions versus comparing sentences a motivating example: sentences that LOOK different; but, in a very important way, are the same Whereas the = sign
More information