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1 (Petunia spp.) ( &' %$#!" 2 1 * (goldani@um.ac.ir) :-. %+ ( -*1 "#$! /04/09 :.&/0 %&' 1393/10/27 :& %&' %+$!/ ;4<2= 894: 4!4" 4 4( 84" %E4(! 0 =D BC A ' 0@ 0 N $= M +: 100 J 04 4N 4$= M +4: 2 (D 2 ) 4 ( V(. ( +) Y" 6(?# -' +X?# 0W '?# +X?= 8: 0 3 ( &' % ;<2>$= $3) $3 HI 0? 3 $.+ 7 +F = 89:.+4 X Z +@ Y" 6( 180 >$ 0 N $= M +: 0 (D 1 ) 360 >$ IW -'?# 89: $ 4 ((D 3 ) 90 >$ $ %9 % >$(?N!. X [Z +@ ' II ^$= (!&N ]+ \ HI >= +: (?# -' (D 3 ) N $= M +: 2 $3 $ : 62 % ( 0. >= +: 67 $3.+ [Z +@ >$ (D 2 ) N $= M +: 0 HI _$ $ + 0 6( a $3 ^ ( [ 8 6F. 6( ' &'?# \ HI?$= & >$ Y":%< +$& G 4 K[' M! N 6& >Z$.(Ghush et al., 2004) H$ 87 <' 3&G & 3>! $ :]$ SM \ XHG _ 67 34' ^&H NM! VM# X[<] 7$.(Kafi and Rostami, 2008) =4:$ "; $J =G =$ =4@J N$U!?.H$ 67 :$ N@9' W7H F4"H Q $ $ (1999) Munne and Alegre 34' :! 4 : :&" $ $ 67 34' OD N; 0 <60 3 3>! C_ 67 : ;$ Z$ OD 9 ` 34 3>! 0+b. ; :$ &9 8& 67 34' 87? ;$ => $ $ <' CD B$ 67 34'. =& 4 87:@ G 4 4&D H G 4 F ; E# :$ = : >: =H : ;$ I&J OD N; 0 3>! > L0M! :$ K$!;! G 4 T0 =@ 7 =D S4 QR' PM Hopkins and Huner, ) > U QR' 9' $ W7H 8& =4:$ NM! VM#.(2004 NM! VM# & H : 74H Y"4 XU $&

2 ... > ;$ Q $& :<@! M 92 :$ = $ F >6> 6&.H 4 $ >N <' = NU? Pj9 p!? =4:$ [ <D S P"U N$U S! H m K4T@>.H$ 4& => H! ;$ OLq K< $! $ =@ N NS U K@d "p XQ $ L >!. : & 3&G &@H 6&G X`j7 rl` 8&c<$ 7 H D ;>D :$ :!K& M :$ h7 <D U Q :! H W\ mm9'.44! & O/_ 3&G B$ : &! a@! s&.h K& G 4 &/# `4 1 :! = <4 4& $ X&D 4[ J:$ a@! ` 10 $! Bachman and ) > 3&G 87 =.(Davis, 2000 M :<8& (Petunia spp.) ;MJ K&.H$ Solanaceae 7 :$ IM[ 4& :! (K cd 8&G6) $4_ 6&D $ G" t H! $ C4 M lu & ;MJ :$ :! =& =D $ o. &/a< ] i[ (Petunia hybrida) l Pj! C4 K&.H$ 7$! G" t u] Y J:$ P = $! :$ :_' $.(Khalighi, 1997) H && Xq K4d F> G" t ;MJ N G" t b&:$! 3\$ OD ij <D >! QR' $ i> $ v 3&D H =G $ a@! a@! 8&c<$ F! ^&H H P 4! K4d F> OD c.h _?J $D = ; G&0 3>b0 K& 1- Magnolia- virginiana O/_ =D K&0 C" : >: =H.& 6M@ G 4 =G 3>! K$!;! 34' Q "; $J =G 3>! K&$4$ 34' ^&H 9'. G 4 S4 QR' $J 4$ CD :! >3\$ K< 6& $J &.(Liang et al., 2003) &@L0 # P[ >: Y@' <' 67 34' ^&H =c> ;!0 >P6& V =b;! $& 3&G N;!> > P6& ;!0 ;$ :$ X"!' K&.(Foyer et al., 1994) >Ke'0 >$d V <M X"!' 4 :` 8fM! > >X>$! > $d =;!0 Q E# =@ 7 g' $ :! 4> 3&G <M # &' > Ke'0 :$ PM N7 _ > < 6< :$ 4 QR' 9' H : H et al., 1982) U! > h7 <D =G :!K& :$ :_' $ ij PM[ K& :! ` : c >! kj7 :$ &@H >!:&$. 7 P 4d <D >! S l S h7 <D m 3&G $ N? 8& G"!?! N"U <D >! >! ij $ :d.h$ a@! G h7 :$ &# `4 & =G &@H " K& l@' O/_ :$ U => H C" P K&4d J h7 K& Y@' H" ]9;& ><D V $ 3>! : <D K$! =G 3>! OM] 'L6 h7 ph g' >8@ >n6ma@! & H 6 c 3& ;&o4' 3>! ;&Y$4 S :! =.(Hassan zade, 2007) a@! a@!! 4 >$ 8 ) Pj9 <' 3&G h7 G\M`? :$ '

3 93 9 G&0 39 M_ :M) > X<' S $ 12-9 X K$ : &:[' wl! =_ : $ (OSI-FL P) OPI M &0 =G.H 6' Z$ 6& 6< =G. E# OD = Z$ V4 K& $.H $& 24 X :$ Nm 4 <M 20 F? $ ]m &> =G na. H v' :< =4 ]m OD 6& 6< I&J G :& Q.H = X? n0 6& 6< &> =G K[' z;m :_ 100 8& X :$ >=D & :]$ I&J E# &0 W7H.& :H :"9 1 > [$ G Z$ "; $J 9 :H :"9 & :]$ $ I$] 34' F&L S $ Im9' K& > D G< D F $ X` MSTAT-C Gl :;&m.h S EXCEL : $ >@ P@? u] LSD =D S $ >K d V(?# 0W \ (1) P_ n & :&G' N`? s& '.H l % I"J = $! >@' XQ 1 P@? u] N ' = :U ' = Z$ 67 >@' 346@>$.$ 4[ ` N ' = (p<0.01) :U ' = $ G 1- Relative- Water- Content!.H 4[ (p<0.0) $ N&! X`:$! : \M ^&H 6' : $ j' wl! rj :&0 :_ 30? ^9.H _ "; $J $ CH :_ 18 PJ 34' Q $ V4 :$.H FV4' ` 7? h7 y ;MJ >M H $ 67 F! =D z $ :"9 (>H) :< 360) y ` 100 :H P@ $D y ` 0 D 1 (=M > :$ OD 2 D 2 (=M > :$ OD 180) > :$ OD 90 ) y ` $ =M s40 y :"9 _ D 3 (=M =G :$ >=D l@' = O\ =;6& = :$ H 0 3&D $ H :' h7 ; =M& & > =M.& o"h OD $! > : 7 NmQ ^m OD ' 4 U [$.& H& >=D = $8& > OD =G >=M K&' $ OD 494 =H $Q $ >=M : =H = $ W\ y OD =G :J$ u] :$ "; OD "@! z $.(Masoomi et al., 2006) H K[' $D a@! : l! h7 lm! 8& > :$ l 60 =G :$ :G h7 "!' K@q.H S =M M` h7 =4:$ 1:2:2 "; :$ Z$ h7 : V > =M.H : V! ;$ :&0 $ &M! 4 >=M 3&D K& $ H : n0! n0 70.$ 20 : > ]U ' = Z$ ' = :U ' = >M J PJ K.H N [' N 8' u] P & n<! S > N ]U =G W7H s4 Z$ u] $ Z$.H (Spad-02) ^' NM! "; ) II F ;! 6M@ p!? m > Z$ (p!? n M :$ g n M

4 ... > ;$ Q $& :<@! M 94 &'?# %+ $#%+( 89: " g( 0>f?: 8X _$E($ Table 1. Average square of analysis variance of some traits in Petunia II 0W Shoot fresh weight \ Leaf fresh weight?# Flower fresh weight ^$=?# +X Flower number?# -' Flower length?# IW Flower diameter \ HI Leaf area?$= & >$ Y" Chlorophyll Index (!&N Maximum quantum yield 6( ' Relative water content Z +@ Y" Electrolyte leakage 3 07 df ]+ $$i h S.O.V ** ** ** 41.81** ** 3.94 * ** ns ** ** ** 3 Fertilizer ** ** 0.1 ** ** 1.11 ** ** ** ** ns ** ** 2 Drought stress 67 34' ** ns 0.011* 17.93* 0.81 ** 0. ns * ns ** ** * 6!@' 67 34' Fertilizer treatment Drought stress Error ] Xg' C&q ns, * and ** no significant differences, significant at the and 1 % probadility level, respectively..h$ ` 1 C.V P@? u] 4[ 4[ il 7 _ l C'':$ ** * ns

5 9 9 G&0 39 M_ :M) > X<' >! $! $ N [' :! <? ` C'':$ a@! a@! P_) & 3&G 34' D 1 u] >H :$ "; y ` 2) G 34' D 3 u] N ['.(3! ;$ a@!! $! $ ( ;$) >H $$ 1/4! S $ 2/8 ( a@! a@! >@' U!! >@' $!.H 34' u] K@> =4:$. 3&G 34' ^&H G N PJ y ` 2 $ $D Pp `14 >H :$ "; N PJ (D 3 ) N 6M@ <' ';& 3>! 3&G Sreevalli V z$ 67 34' u] 3&G J os' 3>! :$ $ ' (2001) =6@> 3>! :'$ " _ :7H N [' 3>! G 4 kj 7 3&G <' Z$ u] J.H$ &> 3\$ :$ "; :& :$ >! S J N 6M@ 3&G 3&G =D QR' :$ $ ' 34' $ u] >=D O/_ M$U =D F> h7 &/# `4 3&G `4 O/_ &D! :! H$ ^' B$ : $$ & $ a@! $!.> N [' :M@_ H >W7H 3&G X` >$.& 87 ' N 6M@ :$ a@! OM] XQ :! > = G : X`j7 &@H 6&G ^&H g' N< FV4' K4dF>! ^9 6&c<$ $6 ^9 OD y 4[ 3&G ph.(mcginnis et al., 2003) :& II ^$= (!&N XQ X[$ K :M`? s& I"J Z$ u] $! >@' 34' N N$m (>H) 34' =$ ^&H :!J:$ $ 4[ >! S y ` 0 34' u]! ;$ a@! a@! $ G :'$ > N 8' ' = :! = s& a@! a@! >! $! >H :$ "; ` 8/40 9/6 26/16 C'':$.(2 P_) H 3&G y ` 100 O/_ $D F! ^&H M \ Xmm9' J >Z$ :[' H : & 3>! G &/# `4 O/_ Z$ u] 3>! CU[. 9 3>! G 4 N! y : & 3>! G >D =H 9 $ :! &$ $& w & H OD "@! ^&H G 4 Ashraf and ) H =jm d =D 6M@.(Foolad, 2007 ' =) EG_ ' = $ y 3>! <? K&.H S4 Q (N :U Z$ a@! a@! >! S :! $ N`? s&.h ' = 3&G :$ 4 K& $ = G! >@' @> $ (D 1 ) y %100 :U ' = m.(3 P_) D $! u] 87 = a@! & &D :$ "; X' N [' :U [' Z$ OM] Q 3&G w "; &m N< :$ a@! :$ "; a@! H$ ij0 ij F! &/# `4 $ "$ C_ &/# 3&G :!J:$ Jat and ) H <' 3&G h7 S!.(Sharifi et al., 2011 Ahlawat, 2008?# IW -' +X Q = (1) P_ N`? n & :&G' u] N PJ N [' $! >@' ` P@? u] N ]U $ ` 1 P@? v XS` $ G 67 r] Q.H 4[ >@' N$m XQ.(p<0.01) H 4[ Q N PJ N [' S` F>! 67 K&.H 4[ ` 1 P@? u] C'' :$

6 ... > ;$ Q $& :<@! M 96! >@' $ n4m =G 34' l ^&H >H a@! a@!! ;$.$ 0/74 0/64 0/7 0/74 C'':$ $J 9 ` S` $ 4[ QR' K@q.(p<0.01) H # &0 ` "; Q G H S >@' 346@> $ :!K& s& I$].(1 P_) H XS` K& $ 4[ G (2001) Barraclough and Kyle 3>b0 K& NM! W7H $J 34' 3&G $ :!! =$ O/_ v[' 3>! M :$ :!J:$.$& 3&G =&_ C'' K&$ $& 3>! =c.h F! G >:& h7 PM9 ' W7H : H y (200) Bredemeier $ >H :$ ';& Y@' :! : "; $D 34' NM! m K4dF> $ QR' 9' $ =c O/_ :$ "; $D 34' Q =c $ VM# M K@> :$ U > Z$ NM! W7H : 7 3&D : $ :! ' $ &m $D. m$] N`? s& I"J C'' K& :$. 3&G Z$? 34' >H Z$ u] (3) P_ "; :! $ > Y$ 89! 1/7 34' u] K@>! >@' U ;$ :$ OD "@! >: K< 6&.H 3&G $$ :[' H 3>! : n c' 3>! H 3>! $.>Z$ :U w`j7 >PM N< K@> :$ H 9 l PM =' => $ $DF! z;9 Q K< :! W\' => os' & >Z$ '8d! Q :! = s& a $ "'. N 346@>$ K4dF>! >@' 8& ƒ> (67 34'! >@') $ u] 34' Q 4' :$. = 4[ r] 4[ il 7 ` 1 P@? ]7 (D 1 ) 360 $ D OD =G 3>! $ '" 49/80 :$ 3/90 a (D 2 ) 180 :$ K& (D 3 ) G $D 3&G = s& K4dF>.(2 P_) $ 0/90 $$ >@' 346@>$! >@' XQ.$ 4[ G $ n4m =G $ 34'! &' %$# %+ $#%+( 89: " $!" % Table 2. The simple effects of drought and fertilizer treatments on some traits in Petunia \?# IW?$= & >$ Y" $ Leaf Fresh Weight (gr) Flower diameter (cm) Chlorophyll Index Treatments a.07 a 3.09 b D b.03 a 49.8 a D c 1.72 b 0.99 a D 3 34' r] Drought Stress 16.7 b 3.26 a b 3.87 ab a 3.77 b b 4.8 b - Contol Compost >H a@! Manure a@!! >@' Fertilizer Vermicompost. =M > $D $$ C'':$ D 3 D 2 D 1. 4[ il 7 4H$ h i? = > :! &>K Means in each column by similar letter(s) are not significant different. Irrigation rate= D 1 : 360 cc, D 2 : 180 cc and D 3 : 90 cc per pot.

7 97 0W &'?# (!&N ]+ \ HI?# -' +X?# 0W $!"! _$E($ 0b Table 3. Interaction effects of drought and fertilizer treatments on shoot and flower fresh weight, number of flower, length of flower, leaf area and maximum quantum yield in petunia Shoot fresh weight (gr)?# Flower fresh weight (gr)?# +X Flower number?# -' Flower length (cm) \ HI Leaf area (cm 2 ) II ^$= (!&N Maximum quantum yeild ]+ $ Fertilizer c 0.32 abc cd 3.73 abc b ab Control >H D b 0.3 ab 1.33 bc ab b e Compost a@! D a 0.34 ab a 3.74 ab a ab Manure D b 0.4 a ab 3.8 ab b 0.73 ab Vermicompost a@! D f 0.22 cde 6 ef 3.61 abc d abc Control >H D de 0.06 fg 2 fg 3.30 bc 330 c 0.74 ab Compost a@! D d 0.31 abc 3.66 fg 3.73 ab 0.1 b 0.66 de Manure D e 0.28 bc 9.66 de 3.8 abc d 0.72 ab Vermicompost a@! D h 0.13 ef 1.66 fg 3.0 abc d a Control >H D3.07 g g 0.33 g 2 d 160. d 0.76 ab Compost a@! D3 0.1 def 2.33 fg 4 a 14.6 d cd Manure D3 AI Drought stress 9 G&0 39 M_ :M) > X<' 4.02 g D de 4.66 f 3.0 c d 0.71 bc Vermicompost a@!.13 g Means in each column by similar letter(s) are not significant different.. 4[ il 7 4H$ h i? = > :! &>K Irrigation rate= D 1 : 360 cc, D 2 : 180 cc and D 3 : 90 cc per pot.. =M > $D $$ C'':$ D 3 D 2 D 1

8 ... > ;$ Q $& :<@! M 98 a@!! >@' >=D $D u] : > >H :$ "; ` 0.(2 N6H) 4 H $ < 6< ;$ # &0 =G (D 2 ) y >H :$ "; :! $ ` 62 a@!! ` 67 $D u] K@>! >@' >< 6< K[' $.H 3&G K&'$!0 6& # &0 W7H :"9 >4&D Q =G K@\' $ :! &> N QR' 9' > >$ E# C&\'. U S 67 Np ]9 ; $ M< a@!! m 3&G S` K& 9< H$ 67 34' XH 3>! 3&G $ a@!! 4 =G >! K& V :$.$& 3&G 34' XH $ \$ "$ h7 &@H 6&G ^&H h7 OD y 3&G. H :_ 67 [Z +@ +: 6( ' F> W\ (1) P_ s& :! J=@> H S >! F> H P@ 67 >@' 9 ` 34' r] 3&G $ (1) N6H I"J $J 9 D 3 67.H F! "; $J a@! a@!! : "; 3>! $ "'.$ ` C'':$ V :$ 34' ^&H "; $J 9 t U 67 34' 9' :! > I&J 7 60 OD =G <M K$ NU? :$ >$ = G@ 3&G $ $ h7 $ OD ' 4 "; OD =G 3>! C_ K& :! H >=D "; OD 9 3>! ' ^&H :]$ 67 34' Np &>34' Q Z$.H$ h7 $J 9 ; # &0 W7H! >@' S! ;$ :! > '" :$. 3&G G &' 6( ' $3 $! -1?! Fig. 1. The interaction of irrigation and fertilizer on relative water content in petunia

9 99 9 G&0 39 M_ :M) > X<' &' Z +@ Y" $3 $! -2?! Fig. 2. Effect of irrigation and fertilizer interaction on membrane stability index in petunia Q "; $J 9 E# &0 3&G >! S = K&.4H$.4 H 'OM] s& a@! $#0f$( >! S V :$ H E XQ "$ a@! a@! 6M@ EG_ ' = 3&G I&J $D F! References 1. Ashraf, M. and Foolad, M.R Roles of glycine, betaine and proline in improving plant abiotic stress resistance. Environmental and Experimental Botany, 9: Bachman, G.R. and Davis, W.E Growth of magnolia virginiana liners in vermicompost-amended media. Pedo Biologia, 43: Barraclough, P.B. and Kyle, J Effect of water stress on chlorophyll meter reading in winter wheat. Plant Nutrition-Food Security and Sustainability of Agro- Ecosystems, pp: Blum, A., Mayer, J., and Gozland, G Infrared thermal sensing of plant canopies as a sereening technique for dehydration avoidance in wheat. Field Crops Research, : Bredemeier, C Laser-induced chlorophyll fluorescence sensing as a tool for site-specific nitrogen fertilizer evaluation under controlled environmental and field conditions in wheat and maize, Ph. D. Thesis, Technical University, Munich, 219 P. 6. Foyer, C.H., Leadis, M., and Kunert, K.J Photo oxidative stress in plants. Plant Physiology, 92: Ghosh, P.K., Ajay, K.K., Bandyopadhyay, M.C., Manna, K.G., Mandal, A.K., and Hati, K.M Comprative effectiveness of cattle manure, poultry manure,

10 ... > ;$ Q $& :<@! M 100 phosphocompost and fertilizer-npk on three cropping system in vertisols of semiarid tropics. Dry matter yield, nodulation, chlorophyll content and enzyme activity. Bioresource Technology, 9: Hasan zade, A Impact of biological fertilizers containing phosphorus uptake facilitator on the amounts of phosphorus fertilizer on yield and yield components of barley. Agriculture Master's thesis, College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Tehran, 21 P. 9. Hopkins, W.G. and Huner, N.P Introduction to plant physiology. 3 rd ed., John Wiely and Sons. Pub., New York. 10. Jat R.S. and Ahlawat, I.P.S Direct and residual effect of vermicompost, biofertilizers and phosphorus on soil nutrient dynamics and productivity of chickpea fodder maize sequence. Journal of Sustainable Agriculture, 28(1): Kafi, M., and Rostami, M Effect of drought stress in reproductive growth stage on yield and components yield and oil content three safflower cultivars in irrigation with salty water conditions. Journal of Agronomy Research, (1): [In Farsi] 12. Khalighi, A Floriculture. Gulshan publications. Tehran, 360 P. 13. Liang, Y., Chen, Q., Liu, Q., Zhang, W., and Ding, R Exogenous silicone (Si) increases antioxidant enzyme activity and reduces lipid per oxidation in roots or saltstressed barley (Hordeum Vulgare L.). Journal of Plant Physiology, 99: Masoomi, A., Kafi, M., Nezami, A., and Hoseyni, S.H Effects of drought stress on morphological traits in chickpea (Cicer arientinum L.) genotypes in greenhouse. Iranian Journal of Field Crops Research, 3(2): [In Farsi] 1. Mcginnis, M., Cooke, A., Bilderback, T., and Lorscheider, M Organic fertilizers for basil transplant production. Acta Horticulturea, 491: Munne, S. and Alegre, L Role of dew on the recovery of water stressed Melissa officinallis L. Journal of Plant Physiology, 14(-6): Shabanian Borojeni, H., Haj Abbasi, M.A., Mobli, M., and Afuni, M Effects of wastewater and sewage sludge of Iran polyacrile factory on some morphological characteristics and Ion concentration of lawn, snapdragon and seweet wiilliams. Journal of Horticul Science Technology, 6(3): [In Persian with English abstract] 18. Sharifi, M., Afyuni, M., and Khoshgoftarmanesh, A.H Effect of Sewage sludge, compost and cow manure on growth and yield and Fe, Zn, Mn and Ni uptake in tagetes flower. Journal of Greenhouse Culture Science and Technology, 1(2): [In Farsi] 19. Sreevalli, Y., Baskaran, K., Chandrashekara, R., kuikkarni, R., SuShil Hasan, S., Samresh, D., Kukre, J., Ashok, A., Sharmar Singh, K., Srikant, S., and Rakesh, T Preliminary observations on the effect of irrigation frequency and genotypes on yield and alkaloid concentration in periwinkle. Journal of Medicinal and Aromatic Plant Science, 22: