News from NBIA. Condensed Matter Physics: from new materials to quantum technology. time. Mark Rudner
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- Alvin Moore
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1 News from NBIA Condensed Matter Physics: from new materials to quantum technology Mark Rudner time
2 ~100 years after Bohr, the basic laws and players are established Image from Source: AAAS
3 Collective behavior unlike that of individual constituents Water molecules Ocean waves Electrons in a crystal Superconductivity
4 For theoretical discoveries of topological phase transitions and topological phases of matter David Thouless Duncan Haldane Michael Kosterlitz (U. Washington) (Princeton) (Brown) Nobel prize, 2016
5 Topologically distinct objects cannot be smoothly interconverted Simple Loop Twisted Strip
6 Bohr model: wave must catch its tail going around a ring, number of wavelengths is quantized and topological
7 Vortices in superconductors: quantum whirlpools * Kosterlitz + Thouless: vortices crucial for phase transition in 2D
8 Hall effect: out-of-plane magnetic field generates voltage transverse to applied current B { I V H R H V H /I
9 Classically, Hall resistance is proportional to B R H R H = B/nec B
10 Hall resistance features extremely flat steps at low T, high B R H =2 R H = h/ e 2 =3 Measurement Standard =4 h/e 2 = (18) Figure adapted from nobelprize.org B
11 Hall resistance features extremely flat steps at low T, high B R H =2 R H = h/ e 2 =3 Measurement Standard =4 h/e 2 = (18) Figure adapted from nobelprize.org B Key theoretical insight, linking robustness to topology: D. J. Thouless, M. Kohmoto, M. P. Nightingale, and M. den Nijs, Phys. Rev. Lett. 49, 405 (1982).
12 Let s play a game: conductor or insulator? Image from: images-of-elements.com
13 Let s play a game: conductor or insulator?
14 Let s play a game: conductor or insulator? Image from:
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Opportunities to discover new fundamental particles, in tabletop experiments!
17 We aim to understand the dance of the electrons
18 We aim to understand the dance of the electrons
19 We aim to understand the dance of the electrons
20 Graphite: stacked 2D sheets of carbon * Strong in-plane bonds, weak interaction between planes
21 Graphite: stacked 2D sheets of carbon
22 Graphene: a single atomic plane of carbon
23 Exfoliation (Scotch tape) preparation protocol Step 1 + = Step 2
24 Applications: sensitive, high-speed photodetectors Figure adapted from T. Mueller, F. Xia, and P. Avouris, Nature Photonics 4, 297 (2010).
25 Applications: adsorbed gas detection Directly exposed surface Conductivity highly sensitive to doping
26 Applications: is carbon the new silicon? High mobility (fast ops.) Tunable carrier density Small samples No band gap
27 The future: hybrid materials built layer-by-layer Figure from A. K. Geim et al., Nature 499, 419 (2013).
28 How can we use lasers, microwaves to dynamically control the behavior, properties of quantum systems? Past Pb Present Au GaAs! HgTe?...?
29 $100M Question: Can a system governed by quantum mechanical laws compute better? Image from:
30 THIS SLIDE INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK
31 Part II: Information is physical
32 Minimalist view of a (digital) computer Store information (discretely) in state of physical system Control behavior of system based on this information
33 Transistor is the basic functional element in a digital processor
34 Smaller, faster, lighter; underlying idea remains the same several inches 2.31 inches 58.6 mm 4.87 inches mm 1947 Today
35 Question: how big would an iphone be with original transistors?
36 Here s how far we ve come:
37 Here s how far we ve come:
38 Mechanical analogy: how to store information with water 0 1 Example: store a number in binary
39 Mechanical analogy: how to store information with water 0 1 Example: store a number in binary = 302
40 A water transistor: use buckets to control flow
41 A water transistor: use buckets to control flow
42 Water-based digital logic (approximate NOR gate) Filling of inputs determines output:
43 Electrical transistor: use charge to control electrical channel Conductivity expresses how easy/hard it is to make current flow (Conductivity) = (Carrier Density) (Mobility) Idea: control conduction through channel by changing carrier density
44 Electrical transistor: use charge to control electrical channel Electrons trapped at interface, move in 2D layer Charge on gate controls electron density below Metallic gate Semiconductor 2 2D layer Semiconductor 1
45 Logic gate produced by connecting several transistors +5V +5V low voltage (0): channel opened high voltage (1): channel blocked low voltage (0): channel blocked high voltage (1): channel opened 0V CMOS NAND gate (Wikipedia)
46 Now, make it smaller. What could go wrong?
47 Quantum tunneling: matter wave cannot be fully trapped Classical Quantum Energy barrier
48 Tunneling speeds up exponentially as barrier thickness shrinks Smaller transistors leads to greater leakage, power consumption a) Bad for the environment b) Excessive heating hinders further downsizing
49 Part III: Quantum nanoelectronic devices Nature Materials 12, 494 (2013)
50 Early 1900s: energy absorbed/emitted in discrete amounts Figures from astro-canada.ca
51 A quantum dot is an artificial atom Photo by Felice Frankel, MIT (web.mit.edu) Images from TU Delft Quantum Transport group
52 Confinement reduces wavelength, increases energy scale Analogy: Smaller drum, higher frequency (energy) = (Planck s Constant) (frequency)
53 For 100 nm dot, temperature must be close to 1 Kelvin How big is 100 nm? 200 atoms side-by-side 1/100 size of red blood cell 1/1000 width of a human hair 1K Image from
54 Use gates to deplete 2D layer, trap electrons in small puddles Nature Materials 12, 494 (2013)
55 Single electron tunneling in and out of device is sensed directly From PhD thesis of Sami Amasha, MIT (2008)
56 Besides mass and charge, electron also has spin
57 A spin is like a tiny magnet, which prefers to align with a magnetic field
58 State of spin is a superposition of only two choices: up or down Down spin moves to stronger field Image from ece.neu.edu
59 A bit also has two choices (0 or 1); this is a quantum bit Classical bit Quantum bit Bit is on (1) or off (0) Qubit can be on (1) AND off (0)
60 The spin of a single electron in a quantum dot is a qubit Image from Yacoby group, Harvard # = 0 " = 1 Original proposal: D. Loss and D. P. DiVincenzo, Phys. Rev. A 57, 120 (1998).
61 Quantum parallelism: use superposition to run all inputs at once Each case run one by one Quantum computer runs all at once????????
62 On any run, only get to see one of the possible answers???????? output randomly selected
63 Clever tricks use interference to amplify desired output Example: Highly efficient searching possible Big Data applications Sociology Genomics Economics...
64 THIS SLIDE INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK
65 Logic gate produced by connecting several transistors +5V +5V low voltage (0): channel opened high voltage (1): channel blocked low voltage (0): channel blocked high voltage (1): channel opened A B Out 0 0 0V CMOS NAND gate (Wikipedia)
66 Logic gate produced by connecting several transistors +5V +5V low voltage (0): channel opened high voltage (1): channel blocked low voltage (0): channel blocked high voltage (1): channel opened A B Out V (1) 0V CMOS NAND gate (Wikipedia)
67 Logic gate produced by connecting several transistors +5V +5V low voltage (0): channel opened high voltage (1): channel blocked low voltage (0): channel blocked high voltage (1): channel opened 0V CMOS NAND gate (Wikipedia) A B Out V (1) V (1) V (1) 1 1 0V (0)
Information processing in nanoscale systems
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