Research in Airborne Remote Sensing: Heat Flux in Giant Kelp Forests on the Santa Barbara Coast Runyon Colie Woods
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1 Research in Airborne Remote Sensing: Heat Flux in Giant Kelp Forests on the Santa Barbara Coast Runyon Colie Woods Advisors: Dr. Dylan McNamara Dr. Raphael Kudela (UCSC)
2 SARP and the DC-8 Remote Sensing - the small or large-scale acquisition of information of an object or phenomenon by the use of either recording or real-time sensing devices that are not in physical contact with the object. 8 research flights in 1 week Dryden Flight Research Center, Pamdale, CA
3 MASTER (MODIS/ASTER) MODIS Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer ASTER Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer Collects MODIS and ASTER like land data sets at higher resolutions than the satellites themselves. 50 spectral bands (.4-13μm)
4 Background Macrocystis pyferia is a dark target Kelp thrives in nutrient rich cold water Thermal Color Infrared
5 Questions Is there a kelp heat signature in MASTER imagery? If heat is absorbed by the kelp, how much is this compared to surrounding water? Is there variability from 2010 to 2011 in the thermal imagery? Can a flux of heat be observed in and out of the kelp forest? What does this temperature difference mean for the kelp as a whole?
6 Methods: ENVI 6m resolution Long wave infrared (8-13 μm) Color infrared (.7-.9 μm) Landmasking Basic enhancements Color mapping
7 Methods: Region of Interest ROI s for kelp and temperature profiles 2D scatter plot (pixels) (CIR).87μm vs.65μm (LWIR)12.7μm vs 8.5μm
8 Creating Temperature Profiles Hand-drawn ROI s. Image enhanced and color mapped.
9
10 Design 3 Locations: Naples Reef, Isla Vista and East of Isla Vista Kelp ROI Overlay onto thermal ROI on hottest area, medium area, and total warmed. Baselines offshore and near shore Export into Excel and plot results
11 East of Isla Vista
12 Temperature Profiles Hot (red) and Medium (green) Areas Kelp Canopy Area
13 East of Isla Vista: Baselines and Warmed Area Offshore Area Total Warmed Area (purple) and Near shore Area (pink)
14 Temperature (Kelvin) Results: East of Isla Vista
15 Isla Vista
16 Temperature (Kelvin) Isla Vista: Results
17 Naples Reef
18 Temperature (Kelvin) Naples: Results
19 Naples 2010 Naples 2011
20 Surface Area (square meters) Canopy Surface Areas
21 Temperature (Kelvin) Surface Temperatures
22 Naples 2010 Naples 2011
23 Red= kelp canopy
24 Pink= Kelp canopy Red= colder areas Green= warmer areas
25 H1- Hot 1 H2- Hot 2 Etc. C1 H1 C2 H2 C3 C1- Cold 1 C2- Cold 2 Etc. H3 C4 H4 C5
26 Temperature (Kelvin) The Stripes of Naples: Results
27 Thermal Effects on Kelp In situ growth and chemical composition of the giant kelp, Macrocystis pyrifera: response to temporal changes in ambient nutrient availbility Zimmerman and Kremer 1986
28 Green = Kelp Red Lines = Diffusion of heat through water
29
30
31 Conclusions Year to year comparison to find ideal temperatures for kelp health Creation of models of surface temperatures to map future kelp forest growth The amount of heat kelp absorbs and releases could be a reason in its role as an ecosystem
32 Summary Macrocystis pyferia (giant kelp) can be detected using LWIR. Giant kelp increases surface temperature 1 Kelvin above ambient water surface temperature readings were 3 K colder than Flux at Naples reef is present from bed to shore or shore to bed. Complex emergence of stripes occurred in 2011 when not present in 2010 Stripes are a result of reaction/diffusion system.
33 Thank you! Dylan McNamara, Raphe Kudela, Sherry Palacios, Shawn Kefauver, Rick Shetter, Emily Schaller, Eric Buzay, Nicholas Clinton, Dennis Gearhart, and Team Zissou.
34 Isla Vista: Temperature Profiles Hot (red) and Medium (green) Areas Kelp Canopy Area
35 Isla Vista: Baselines and Warmed Area Total Warmed Area (purple) and Near shore Area (pink) Offshore Area
36 Temperature Profiles Hot (red) and Medium (green) Areas Kelp Canopy Area
37 Offshore Area Naples: Baselines and Warmed Area Total Warmed Area (purple) and Near shore Area (pink)
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