Analysing Land Surface Emissivity with Multispectral Thermal Infrared Data
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1 2nd Workshop on Remote Sensing and Modeling of Surface Properties 9-11 June 2009, Météo France, Toulouse, France Analysing Land Surface Emissivity with Multispectral Thermal Infrared Data Maria Mira, Thomas J. Schmugge*, Enric Valor, Vicente Caselles, and César Coll University of Valencia, Spain *New Mexico State University, NM (USA)
2 OUTLINE Emissivity Observations with ASTER HOW Multispectral Thermal Infrared from ASTER/TES: Temperature Emissivity Separation algorithm WHERE New Mexico: White Sands desert Quality of the ASTER emissivity product (AST_05: ASTER L2 Surface Emissivity ) Day/Night pairs with ASTER ASTER emissivities temporal variation
3 Emissivity Observations with ASTER on NASA s Terra Satellite SENSOR Multispectral Thermal Infrared (TIR) data from the Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission & Reflection (ASTER) radiometer: 5 bands in TIR, 90 m resolution, 60 km swath Terra satellite launched in December 1999
4 TES Temperature Emissivity Separation Problem: 5 measurements & 6 unknowns Developed for use with ASTER TIR data Empirical relation between ε min and Δε β i = ε i /<ε i > MMD = β max - β min β i can also be calculated from observed radiances β i = ( L i /<L i >)(<BB i (T)>/BB i (T)) Doesn t work well for gray bodies We analyzed ASTER data acquired from 2006 to 2008, over White Sands area: - 11 day observations and 4 night observations - 3 day/night pairs * Spatial resolution degraded from 90 m to 180 m to avoid the geolocation problem that ASTER has for high altitude locations. Gypsum dunes, such as White Sands desert in New Mexico, can be used as an excellent test case for low emissivity values.
5 Landsat image of White Sands area, New Mexico (USA) Study Area
6 Landsat image of White Sands area, New Mexico (USA) Study Area
7 Day: 11:56 AM 8 Apr 2006 Emissivities at Day and Night Observed Equally Well with ASTER/TES Band 11 (8.6 μm) Night: 11:09 PM 7 Apr 2006
8 Decorrelation Stretch RGB (Band 14,12,10) Emissivities at Day and Night Observed Equally Well with ASTER/TES Day: 11:56 AM 8 Apr 2006 Average emissivity value of 100 pixels of 180 m resolution. ASTER retrieves very well the low emissivity values of the gypsum spectrum. * * Laboratory spectra from ASTER Spectral library at Jet Propulsion Laboratory
9 Decorrelation Stretch RGB (Band 14,12,10) Emissivities at Day and Night Observed Equally Well with ASTER/TES Day: 11:56 AM 8 Apr 2006 Average emissivity value of 430 pixels of 180 m resolution. ASTER retrieves very well the low emissivity values of the gypsum spectrum. * * Laboratory spectra from ASTER Spectral library at Jet Propulsion Laboratory
10 Emissivities at Day and Night Observed Equally Well with ASTER/TES Day: 11:56 AM 18 Nov 2006 RGB (Bands 3N,2,1) from AST_07 Average emissivity value of 80 pixels of 180 m resolution. ASTER retrieves very well the high emissivity values of the water spectrum. * * Laboratory spectra from ASTER Spectral library at Jet Propulsion Laboratory
11 Emissivities at Day and Night Observed Equally Well with ASTER/TES Day: 11:56 AM 8 Apr 2006 RGB (Bands 3N,2,1 ) from AST_07 Average emissivity value of 80 pixels of 180 m resolution. Gypsum crystals
12 ASTER emissivities temporal variation White Sands, NM
13 ASTER emissivities temporal variation White Sands, NM
14 Soil Moisture Effect on Thermal Infrared (8-13 μm) Emissivities Mira et al. (IEEE-TGRS, under review) Lab measurements with a TIR Radiometer CIMEL Electronique CE312. Emissivity measurements using the Box method (Rubio et al., 1997 & 2003). Soil sample under controlled soil moisture. TIR emissivities are sensitive to changes in soil moisture, mainly in the 8 to 9 μm domain.
15 ASTER emissivities temporal variation White Sands, NM
16 ASTER emissivities temporal variation White Sands, NM not flooded area not flooded area
17 Decorrelation Stretch RGB (Band 14,12,10) ASTER emissivities temporal variation White Sands, NM Day: 11:56 AM 8 Apr 2006 Average emissivity value of 290 pixels of 180 m resolution.
18 Decorrelation Stretch RGB (Band 14,12,10) Day: 11:56 AM 4 Apr 2007 ASTER emissivities temporal variation White Sands, NM Average emissivity value of 410 pixels of 180 m resolution.
19 Unexplained Overestimated ASTER Emissivity Retrievals Band 10 (8.3 μm) and Band 13 (10.7 μm) Valley of Fire north of White Sands, NM Band 10 (4 Apr 2007) ε up to are retrieved by ASTER/TES. Considering Lava Flow as a site with sparse vegetation, and using ε = ε veg P v + ε basalt (1-P v ) (Valor & Caselles, 1996) emissivities can be up to Hulley & Hook (2008) Given ASTER/TES accuracy ~1.6% (Hulley & Hook, 2008), they are not justified.
20 The North American ASTER Land Surface Emissivity Database (NAALSED) Glynn Hulley, Simon Hook Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Caltech, Pasadena, CA NAALSED Decorrelation Stretches Mean Summer Emissivity, 8.6 µm, 70,075 ASTER scenes ** Gaps plan to be filled during Jul-Sep 2009 ASTER acquisition period Mean Summer (July, Aug, Sep) and Winter (Jan, Feb, Mar) emissivity from m spatial resolution in five TIR bands (8.3, 8.6, 9.1, 10.6, 11.3 µm). Data products: Mean and SDev Emissivity (TIR bands), Skin Temperature, NDVI, Land/Water map, Total Observations, Latitude, Longitude. Hulley and Hook, 2008 (GRL) Hulley at al., 2008 (GRL) Hulley and Hook, 2009 (RSE)
21 The NAALSED ASTER Emissivity Database Validation Geologic Samples, collected on 1 km 2 grid, and measured in lab using JPL FT-IR spectrometer: 1. Algodones dunes, CA 2. White Sands National Monument, NM 3. Kelso Dunes, CA 4. Great Sand Dunes, CO 5. Sand Mountain, UT 6. Coral pink Sand Dunes State Park, UT 7. Little Sahara Dunes, UT 8. Killpecker Dunes, WY 9. Stovepipe Wells dunes, Death Valley, CA 10. Moses Lake Dunes, WA ASTER data extracted at sample coordinate position Mean emissivity difference between NAALSED and the lab results is 1.6% (~1 K).
22 Conclusions ASTER and TES work reasonably well Quantitative agreement (1 2%) with lab measures for emissivity ASTER results are repetitive Day / Night agreement (better than 1.2%) Emissivity mapping on a regional scale ASTER/TES works best for targets with large spectral contrasts. ASTER provides good spatial and spectral resolution BUT infrequent coverage. NAALSED provides 90 m emissivity map of USA. We observed unexplained overestimated (ε>1) ASTER emissivity retrievals, mainly at band 10 (8.3 μm) and band 13 (10.7 μm). Thank you for your attention
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