EOC Study Guide Honors

Transcription

1 Name Date Science. SC.912.E.5.1 Cite evidence used to develop and verify the scientific theory of the Big Bang (also known as the Big Bang Theory) of the origin of the universe. 1. What is the approximate age of the universe? According to the Big Bang Theory, how did the universe form? About 14 billion years old; all of the matter and energy in the universe was condensed into a small volume until temperatures increased causing it to expand rapidly. 2. What evidence supports the Big Bang Theory? The Doppler Effect and Cosmic Background Radiation 3. How does the visible light spectra provide supporting evidence for the Big Bang Theory (red shift vs. blue shift)? Red shift occurs as objects move away from each other. There is more red shift visible in the universe as objects move away from a central point. SC.912.E.5.3 Describe and predict how the initial mass of a star determines its evolution. 4. Describe the process of nuclear fusion. High temperatures in the star s core=high kinetic energy; hydrogen atoms collide and fuse forming helium atoms and releasing energy 5. What will happen to the sun when nuclear fusion stops? It will cool and expand becoming a red giant before collapsing into a white dwarf 6. How do black holes, neutron stars, and supernova occur? When hydrogen runs out, fusion continues forming larger elements until iron is formed. Fusion stops and without the outward pressure, gravity wins out and the star collapses. This only happens with massive stars. 7. What is the dimmest main sequence star? Barnard s Star 8. Which of the stars on the HR diagram is most likely at the end of its life cycle? How do you know? The white dwarfs because that is the end of the life cycle of main sequence stars.

2 SC.912.E.6.3 Analyze the scientific theory of plate tectonics and identify related major processes and features as a result of moving plates. 9. List and describe the three types of plate boundaries. What happens at each? What can form at each? Describe any significant occurrences. a. Convergent plates collide -forms mountains, volcanoes, and subduction zones - plate is destroyed b. Divergent plates move apart - forms volcanoes, mid-ocean ridges, rift valleys - plate is created c. Transform plates move past each other horizontally - most commonly associated with earthquakes 10. How are the lithospheric plates able to move across Earth s surface? mantle convection, ridge-push, slab-pull SC.912.E.7.1 Analyze the movement of matter and energy through the different biogeochemical cycles, including water and carbon. 11. List the carbon sinks (carbon reservoirs) on Earth. Air (atmosphere), living things (biosphere), oceans (hydrosphere), and soil (geosphere) **oceans are the largest reservoir 12. How does carbon move between the geosphere and the biosphere? Between the atmosphere and biosphere? Between the hydrosphere and the atmosphere? Etc. Carbon is returned to the soil (geosphere) as organisms (biosphere) decay. Plants (biosphere) use carbon from the air (atmosphere) for photosynthesis. Carbon passes between the ocean (hydrosphere) and the air (atmosphere) through diffusion. 13. List the water reservoirs (sinks) on Earth. oceans, lakes, ponds, rivers, aquifers, clouds, atmosphere, biosphere 14. How does water move between the atmosphere and biosphere? Between the hydrosphere and the atmosphere? The geosphere and the hydrosphere? Etc. Water moves between the geosphere and hydrosphere through infiltration into the aquifer. Plants (biosphere) use water (hydrosphere) for photosynthesis. Water vapor (atmosphere) condenses into clouds (hydrosphere). 15. Explain how the water cycle moves energy through the Earth system. Energy is transferred as heat as water is moved around the Earth. Heat is absorbed during evaporation, melting, and sublimation. Heat is released during condensation, freezing, and deposition.

3 SC.912.E.7.2 Analyze the causes of the various kinds of surface and deep water motion within the oceans and their impacts on the transfer of energy between the poles and the equator. 16. Compare and contrast surface circulation and deep ocean circulation. surface circulation both deep ocean circulation -Direction is caused by continental deflection and Coriolis effect Moves energy around Earth Changes in density cause ocean circulation 17. The ocean currents act as a conveyor belt for energy on Earth. How do ocean currents transport energy on Earth? energy as heat is moved from the equator to the poles 18. What are the causes of surface circulation? What are the causes of deep ocean circulation? Surface circulation is caused by wind. Deep ocean circulation is caused by changes in density due to changes in temperature and salinity. 19. Describe the thermocline and the pycnocline. Thermocline is the zone of rapid temperature change in the ocean. Pycnocline is the zone of rapid change in density. Because temperature and density are related, so are the thermocline and pycnocline. SC.912.E.7.3 Differentiate and describe the various interactions among Earth systems, including: atmosphere, hydrosphere, cryosphere, geosphere, and biosphere. 20. Create a thinking map that shows how all five spheres of the Earth system are interconnected. How do they rely on each other? How does energy or matter move from one sphere to another? Feel free to incorporate the water and carbon cycles into your thinking map. geosphere Infiltration into the aquifer cryosphere Weathering uses CO2 hydrosphere Sublimation/deposition Drinking water atmosphere biosphere

4 SC.912.E.7.5 Predict future weather conditions based on present observations and conceptual models and recognize limitations and uncertainties of such predictions. 21. What type of weather would you expect during a high pressure system? Clear weather, with few clouds and little to no rain 22. Describe the kind of weather that may come to an area as a cold front approaches? What about a warm front? During a cold front, stormy weather is expected and then the air will be cooler. During a warm front, the weather may be drizzly and then warm and clear. 23. A supercell thunderstorm has formed over your region. What kind of weather should you prepare for? Rain, thunder, lightning, hail, and possible tornadoes SC.912.N.1.1 Define a problem based on a specific body of knowledge, for example: earth/space science. 24. What was the temperature range during the month with the highest precipitation? 7 16 C 25. What type of precipitation likely fell in late January? rain or sleet SC.912.N.1.6 Describe how scientific inferences are drawn from scientific observations and provide examples from the content being studied. 26. What is the difference between direct and indirect evidence of a theory? Indirect evidence can t be seen, but can be implied or inferred. Direct evidence provides clear information in support of the theory. 27. While studying core samples from Florida, a geologist discovers fossilized pollen of the Antarctic Pearlwort. This plant normally only grows above 60 latitude. What can the scientist infer from this discovery? It is possible that all of the continents were connected and/or located above 60 latitude. Plate tectonics may have caused the area that is now Florida to move into its current position.

5 28. According to harvest records, during the hunting season in 1993, 64 deer were collected. In 2015, 9 deer were collected during hunting season. What can you infer from this data? There were fewer deer in the area in Hunting limits may have been put in place. Hunters are just not as good. The deer may have migrated to a new area. The deer adapted and are hiding. SC.912.P Explore the theory of electromagnetism by comparing and contrasting the different parts of the electromagnetic spectrum in terms of wavelength, frequency, and energy, and relate them to phenomena and applications. 29. List the seven types of electromagnetic radiation in order from shortest to longest wavelength. Gamma rays, x rays ultraviolet (UV), visible light, infrared, microwaves, radio waves 30. What is the relationship between wavelength and frequency (energy)? As the wavelength increases, frequency and energy decreases. 31. Why are x-ray and gamma ray telescopes orbiting satellites rather than stationary telescopes on Earth s surface? Earth s atmosphere blocks x-rays and gamma rays, preventing them from reaching Earth s surface. 32. What are the limitations of telescopes located on Earth s surface? The atmosphere reflects/absorbs high energy waves. The atmosphere obstructs and distorts images. SC.912.P Describe heat as the energy transferred by convection, conduction, and radiation, and explain the connection of heat to change in temperature or states of matter. 33. Compare and contrast radiation, convection, and conduction. All are types of heat transfer. Radiation can occur through empty space as EM waves. Convection is vertical movement of a fluid based on changes in density. Conduction requires physical contact. Heat transfer will continue until equilibrium is achieved (they re the same temperature). 34. Use heat transfer to explain why ice melts in a warm drink. Ice melts because the heat from the drink transfers into the ice. 35. What processes in the water cycle occur as water absorbs energy? What processes in the water cycle occur as water releases energy? Water absorbs energy during sublimation, evaporation, and melting. Water releases energy during condensation, deposition, and freezing.. SC.912.E.6.2 Connect surface features to surface processes that are responsible for their formation. 36. How do valleys and canyons form? Water causes erosion over a very long time (millions of years) carving out a valley or canyon. A rift vally can form at a divergent boundary of two continental plates.

6 37. Explain how oxbow lakes form. Weathering and erosion change the course of a river over time. Eventually, a small, crescent shape lake will form next to the river. 38. What is the difference between physical and chemical weathering? Physical weathering only changes the size of rock. Chemical weathering breaks chemical bond and will create a new substance entirely.