Name Hour. Environmental Science Semester 2 Study Guide. Plate Tectonics. 1. Explain sea floor spreading.

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1 Name Hour Environmental Science Semester 2 Study Guide Plate Tectonics 1. Explain sea floor spreading. 2. Describe Wegener s idea of continental drift. 3. List 5 pieces of evidence to support the idea of continental drift. 4. Describe a midocean ridge. 5. What is a rift? 6. Explain the Theory of Plate Tectonics. 7. What type of rock is commonly formed at convergent boundaries: continentalcontinental continental oceanic

2 8. Fill in the following chart: Divergent Convergent Transform Type of crust involved Description of what happens Draw a sketch with arrows showing movement at this boundary What landforms/ features formed Example/ Location 7. Compare and contrast the oceanic crust and the continental crust be sure to include age, thickness (size) and density.

3 Earthquakes 1. What is an earthquake? 2. Where do most earthquakes occur and why do they occur at these locations? 3. What does magnitude measure? What is used to measure the magnitude of an earthquake? 4. Describe the differences between the Mercalli Scale and the Richter scale? 5. What is a body wave? 6. Compare P Waves, S Waves and surface waves? List 3 characteristics of each. P waves S waves Surface waves 7. Describe the strength of the earthquakes that occur at each plate boundary. 8. Be able to interpret the Seismic Wave Graph on pg 311. Explain. 9. A p wave from an earthquake travels at a rate of 6 km/hr. The s wave travels half as fast. If it took the p wave 6 minutes and 30 seconds to reach the seismograph station, how long did it take the s wave and how far away is the epicenter of the earthquake? 10. How does Earth s interior affect body waves? 11. What things do scientists learn studying earthquake waves? 12. Sketch a diagram of how P and S waves travel through the interior layers of Earth.

4 Volcanoes 1. Describe the Pacific Ring of Fire. 2. Describe tectonic settings where volcanoes form think landforms at plate boundaries. 3. Explain how silica in magma causes explosive eruptions. 4. Is a nonexplosive eruption more likely to produce lava or pyroclastic material? Explain. 5. How do explosive volcanoes and nonexplosive volcanoes differ? 6. Describe how the gases escape from magma that is high in silica compared to magma low in silica. 7. What is meant by felsic? Mafic? 8. How does water in magma cause explosive eruptions? 9. Fill in the following chart about the different types of volcanoes. Type of Volcano Formation Type of eruption

5 10. What is a hot spot? 11. If the islands of Maui and Hawaii are 150km apart with an age difference of 1.2 million years, what is the rate of crustal movement? (use formula rate = distance/time) 12. Loihi is a future Hawaiian island in the process of forming on the ocean floor. Considering how this island chain formed, tell where you think the new volcanic island will be located and why.

6 Weather 1. Describe how precipitation forms. 2. What is the difference between a storm warning and a watch? 3. Describe safety precautions taken during a thunderstorm and flash flood. 4. Describe tornados what are they, how do they form and when do they most commonly occur? 5. Describe the differences between storms that form along cold front vs. storms that form along a warm front. 6. Compare adiabatic cooling and advective cooling. 7. Describe when clouds form. Be sure to include details of how mountains, frontal wedging, convection and convergence are involved in cloud formation. 8. Explain the difference between radiation, conduction and convection as it pertains to the atmosphere and to the oceans. 9. How does evaporation and condensation affect the water cycle? 10. What are Earth s 4 spheres? Be able to recognize events that would affect each sphere.

7 Hydrogeology 1. Describe impacts to the local water budget. 2. Describe ways to help preserve fresh water supplies. 3. Describe or sketch an aquifer. Include zone of saturation, zone of aeration and water table. 4. Describe permeability. 5. Describe surface water and where it would be found on Earth. 6. Describe groundwater. 7. Describe how land use (farming, commercial use, landfills, manufacturing, etc.) impacts the groundwater and fresh water supplies. 8. Describe how inputs, outputs, residence time and recharge are related to aquifers.

8 Oceans and Climate 1. Describe what factors affect the temperature of ocean water. 2. Describe the causes and movement of both deep and surface ocean currents. 3. Explain how surface currents play a role in the climate of an area. 4. How does water change when it evaporates or condenses from the ocean? 5. What factors affect salinity? 6. Compare convection, conduction and radiation. 7. Why is the ocean considered a carbon sink? 8. What are common greenhouse gases and how do they affect the Earth s temperature? 9. What are sources of CO 2 in the atmosphere? 10. Describe the 4 types of evidence of climate change.

9 11. How has atmospheric CO 2 levels changed in the last 150 years? 12. How do oceans impact other spheres? 13. Explain how carbon exists in different forms (spheres)? 14. What happens to most of the radiation that comes to the Earth from the sun (p.34 in textbook)?

10 Astronomy 1. Describe the life cycle of a star. 2. What is a galaxy? Name and describe the three types of galaxies. define: 3 types: 3. Which type of galaxy do we live in? Where is it located? 4. What is the name of our galaxy? 5. What are stars made of? How are they born? 6. What process do stars use to produce energy? Describe (in general) what happens. 7. If two identical stars are located the same distance away from Earth, what can you say about their apparent magnitude? 8. Describe parallax. 9. How does apparent magnitude differ from absolute magnitude? 10. What is the temperature difference between a star that is blue and one that is orange? 11. If the spectrum of a star indicates that the star shines with red light, what is the approximate surface temperature of the star?

11 12. What is the sequence of star colors from hottest to coolest? Know how to read an HR diagram (see page 781) 13. In the HR diagram above, label xaxis according to color and yaxis according to brightness (bright or dim) 14. Label on the HR Diagram above where each of the following would be plotted a. White Dwarfs b. Red Dwarfs c. Red Supergiants d. Red Giants 15. Draw an oval to show where the main sequence stars are located on the HR Diagram. 16. If all galaxies began to show blue shifts, what would this change indicate about the fate of our universe? 17. What evidence indicates that the universe is expanding? 18. How long ago did the Big Bang occur? 19. Summarize the Big Bang theory. List evidence for the Big Bang. summary: evidence:

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