Phosphogenesis in epicontinental and marginal sedimentary basins: problems with using the modern as an analog for the ancient rock record
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1 Phosphogenesis in epicontinental and marginal sedimentary basins: problems with using the modern as an analog for the ancient rock record Eric Hiatt Geology Department University of Wisconsin
2 Phosphoria
3 Phosphorite: Francolite: Ca 10-a-b Na a Mg b (PO 4 )6-x(CO 3 ) x-y-z (CO 3,F) y (SO 4 ) z F 2
4 Modern Phosphogenic Environments: From NASA (
5 IDAHO WYOMING UTAH PRE-MESOZOIC OUTCROPS OUTCROP LOCATION KM
6 30 N Surface Winds 20 N Winter Summer Phosphoria Sea 10 N km Mountains Land Shallow Shelf Deep Ocean Paleo-highs on shelf (Modified from Scotese and Langford (1995); paleowind vectors are based on Kutzbach and Ziegler (1994); Summer: 5.0 m/s and Winter: 1.8 m/s)
7 Eperic Sea Setting vs. Modern: Permian Phosphoria Shelf (0.04 actual) Modern Peru Margin Shelf (0.33 actual) 100 km (Vertical Exaggerations = 100x)
8 Phosphoria Sea Modified from Blakey, 2006
9 Permian Panthalassa Ocean ~333 x 10 6 km 2
10 1. Lithostratigraphy:
11 Historic Lithostratigraphic Model: Southeast Idaho Central Wyoming Modified from Sheldon (1963)
12 Lower Permian Upper Permian Leonardian Guadalupian SERIES SE Idaho Eastern Wyoming SB-3 Retort SB-2 Meade Peak SB-1
13 1 mm
14
15 Lower Permian Upper Permian Leonardian Guadalupian SERIES SE Idaho Eastern Wyoming SB-3 Retort SB-2 Meade Peak SB-1
16 LOWER PERMIAN Wolfcampian Series Continental Glaciation Leonardian Series UPPER PERMIAN Guadalupian Series Upper Permian Ochoan Series 250 Eustasy Curve Relative Sea Level High Low STAGE Permian Glacial Events SE Idaho Area of Continents Covered By Sulfate -Dominated Evaporites Wyoming 260 Capitanian Wordian Retort 270 Roadian Cathedralian Ice-Rafted Debris? 280 Hessian Sakmarian Meade Peak 290 Asselian ( x 10 6 km 2 ) (SL and age relationships from Ross et al., 1994; sulfate data from Zarkov, 1984)
17 1. Lithostratigraphy: 2. Chemostratigraphy:
18 Sulfide (weight %) Organic Carbon and Sulfur Data from the Retort and Meade Peak 8 6 Chemofacies: 4 Dysoxic: TOC < 1.5 Anoxic: TOC > 1.5, TOC/S > Euxinic: TOC/S < 2.0, S > TOC (weight %)
19 Retort Member: phosphorites and mudstones
20 Sulfide (weight %) Data from Basin Facies of Retort and Meade Peak 8 6 Retort TST 4 Retort LST 2 Meade Peak TST Meade Peak LST TOC (weight %)
21 Mid-ramp during Retort deposition: western Wyoming
22 (FEET) Phosphoria Lithostratigraphy and Chemostratigraphy 240 STRATIGRAPHY QUARTZ (CPS) DOLOMITE (CPS) FRANCOLITE (CPS) TOC WT% SULFUR WT% SEQUENCE STRATIGRAPHY SB HST Retort member TST LST SB-2 HST Meade Peak SB-1 Phosphorite Chert Sandstone Dolostone Siltstone
23 (FEET) Chemostratigraphy: Redox-Controlled, Bio-essential Trace Elements: Cd, Zn, Mo, & Cr 240 STRATIGRAPHY TOC WT% SULFUR WT% Cd (PPM) Retort member Zn (PPM) Mo (PPM) Cr (PPM) Meade Peak Phosphorite Chert Sandstone Dolostone Siltstone
24 Lower Phosphorite: Meade Peak member transect D A C V
25 OFFSHORE (Eastern Idaho) ONSHORE (Western Wyoming and NE Utah) 70 km 55 km 300 km D A C V
26 (modified from Hiatt and Budd, 2001) Ca 10-a-b Na a Mg b (PO 4 )6-x(CO 3 ) x-y-z (CO 3,F) y (SO 4 ) z F 2
27 Summer Winter Surface water Ekman Transport
28 Summer (Mean Air Temperatures C): Ekman Transport Mo Mo Wind-Driven Coastal Upwelling Cd Warm brine Cr Cd Zn Cd Cr Cr 100 kilometers Winter (Mean Air Temperatures C) Dysoxic Anoxic & Dysoxic Anoxic Anoxic & Euxinic Winds Insufficient to Drive Upwelling Water Column Stratification Mo Zn Cd Cr Mo Zn Zn Mo Cr Cd Cr Warm brine
29 Conclusions: 1. High organic productivity and phosphogenesis occurred during relative SL lows and reached a maximum during transgression. 2. Phosphogenesis occurred under dysoxic to anoxic conditions -- unlike Cenozoic phosphorites, this included shallow, nearshore environments. 3. Chemostratigraphy, however, showed that the Phosphoria Sea was marked by dysoxic, anxoic to euxinic conditions that led to high concentrations of high concentrations of sulfides, metals, and organic carbon.
30 Muito obrigado.
31 From Hiatt and Budd (2001)
32 ~200 m Idaho Wyoming
33 Phosphorite-Metal Associations: Enrichment Factors: Ave. Phosphorite Relative to Ave. Shale Ag = 30x Cd = 60x Mo = 4x Se = 8x U = 30x Zn = 2x Phosphoria Phosphorite Relative to Ave. Shale Ag = 43x Cd = 133x Mo = 7x Se = 17x U = 24x Zn = 3x Data from Altschuler (1980)
34
35 Sulfate Reduction O 2 Respiration Denitrification Cr(OH)3 ZnS CdS MoS 2 FeS (Based on Piper, 2001)
36
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