AN OVERVIEW OF SEDIMENTARY ROCK-HOSTED STRATIFORM COPPER DEPOSITS (SSCs) Bill Williams 18 May 2016
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1 AN OVERVIEW OF SEDIMENTARY ROCK-HOSTED STRATIFORM COPPER DEPOSITS (SSCs) Bill Williams 18 May 2016
2 What are SSCs? Why are SSCs important? How did SSCs form? Where did SSCs form? When did SSCs form? What makes an SSC ore deposit? 2
3 oxidized reduced py sp-ga cp bn cc hm SSCs are zoned Cu & Cu-Fe sulfides hosted by reduced siliciclastic or dolomitic sedimentary rocks; generally parallel to stratification Boseto Tenke 3 Red Cliff Copperwood
4 n Cu, Mt Cu, % PCD 535 2, SSC IOCG Skarn/CRD Magmatic Cu-rich VMS SSCs host >15% of the known world copper inventory and constitute ~15% of world mine copper production with substantial Ag &/or Co byproducts SSC Deposits Median Skarn/CRD ~35% of known SSCs are >500,000t of contained copper at >1% Cu Median IOCG Median SSC Median PCD 4
5 ~0.9m TOP SSCs are tabular bodies formed where Cu in oxidized, near-neutral, chloride-rich fluids passed through reduced sediments or sedimentary rocks at <250 o C? SOURCE Copper footwall redbeds mafic volcanics pre-existing mineralization (ACB) Sulfur seawater sulfate reduction gypsum, anhydrite (cement) HOST ROCKS Permeable BASE Copperwood, MI, USA TRAP (REDOX FRONT) Pyrite Organic material Residual hydrocarbons 5
6 SULFUR SOURCE REDOX FRONT Pyrite + Organic Material Framboidal Pyrite from bacteriogenic seawater sulfate reduction Redstone Sulfide after gypsum Cp-Bo Cu-Fe sulfide replacement of sulfates 6 WHITE PINE NORTH 10mm
7 SSCs formed along the margins of faultcontrolled rift basins where fluids moved upwards due to sediment loading, high heat flow, uplift, etc. SULFUR SOURCE Hitzman, et al., 2010 METAL SOURCE 7
8 evaporites lms black shale Py Bn Bn + Cpy pre-lithification Cc Cc Hm red shale, SS, conglomerate Red Bed-type (incl. Revett) Hitzman, 2014 Kupferschiefer-type Host Rocks - shales, siltstones, &/or dolomites deposited in paralic environments (Sub)vertical fluid flow ACB, White Pine(?) dark siltstone, shale Host Rocks sandstones deposited in continental or paralic environments (Sub)horizontal fluid flow Corocoro, Spar Lake, Dzezkazgan Py Hitzman, Bn + Bn Hm Hm Cpy + Cp Cc post-lithification sandstone, cong
9 Region % SSC Cu Eon % SSC Cu ACB 44% Ceno 1% Kupfer 36% Meso 1% Asia 14% Paleo 44% NA 5% Pt3 45% SA 1% Pt2 5% Aus 1% Pt1 5% SSCs started forming at the onset of atmospheric oxygenation during the early Proterozoic (~2.2Ga) 175Mt 1.15% (Permian) 30Mt 1.21% (Carboniferous) 3Mt 0.85% (MesoProterozoic) 16Mt 1.30% (MesoProterozoic) 25Mt 2.05% (PaleoProterozoic) 3.5Mt 0.70% (MesoProterozoic) 6Mt 2.50% (Cambrian?) 2.7Mt 1.30% (PaleoProterozoic) 8Mt 1.10% (PaleoProterozoic) 208Mt 2.20% (NeoProterozoic) 9
10 SSC Rodinia Rifting ~880Ma San Francisco Craton Amazonia Craton De Waele, et al., 2008 Global Ice Age, i.e., Snowball Earth, resulted in isolated reducing basins where SSCs developed 10
11 SSC Central African Copper Belt Kamoa 2.50% Cu Dolomite- & Siltstone-hosted; Bn-Cp ores (w/ Co) Zone % Cu Shale-hosted Bn-Cc ores (w/ Ag) 11
12 SSC Pangea Rifting Permian Basin Permian Basin Global Ice Age, i.e., Snowball Earth, resulted in isolated reducing Basins where SSCs developed 12
13 SSC Pangea Rifting Hitzman, et al.,
14 v v v v v v v v Intracontinental rift basins with occasional marine incursions Host rocks overlain by evaporites Brines increase sulfur budget Long-lived, evolving basin Closed system Fluids passed through various stratigraphic levels (esp. ACB) Large alteration footprint Superposed events v v v v v v v v v A Recipe for (Super)Giant SSC Deposits Hitzman,
15 SSC African Copper Belt (Cu-Co) Jequitai diamictite? 15
16 SSC Alteration Albite + Fe- Dolomite (Kansanshi) Ksp- Dolomite (Nkana) 16
17 SSC Kupferschiefer (Cu-Ag) Rote Faule fluid flow fluid flow fluid flow fluid flow Calumet Cgl, Michigan Hm fluid flow 17 Native Cu
18 (Na+K)/Al (molar) SSC Alteration (Western Syncline) 1.0 Ab + Kspr Unmineralized Mineralized Illite + Smectite Kaolinite + Plagioclase Chlorite (2Ca+Na+K)/Al (molar) 18
19 SSC Economic Considerations KAMOA, DRC Subhorizontal mineralization Room-and-Pillar (>2.2m thick) = US$45/t ore* Mining = US$20/t ore Processing = US$10/t ore G&A = US$ 5/t ore Con Sales = US$10/t ore *varies due to forex, energy & labor costs, etc. 19
20 SSC Economic Considerations ZONE 5, Botswana Dipping mineralization Sublevel Stoping (>2.2m wide) = US$60/t ore* Mining = US$35/t ore Processing = US$10/t ore G&A = US$ 5/t ore Con Sales = US$10/t ore *varies due to forex, energy & labor costs, etc. 20
21 Cu Price CuEq Head Grade 1.00% 1.20% 1.40% 1.60% 1.80% 2.00% 2.20% 2.40% $2.00 $34 $40 $47 $54 $61 $67 $74 $81 $2.50 $42 $51 $59 $67 $76 $84 $93 $101 $3.00 $51 $61 $71 $81 $91 $101 $111 $121 In situ value of mineralization assumes 15% dilution/ore loss, 90% recovery Sublevel Stoping Room-and-Pillar (Open Pit 10:1 strip) 21
22 SUMMARY SSCs are formed by the passing of Cu in oxidized fluids through reduced lithologies Early diagenetic and later Rift-controlled basins under anoxic conditions Especially Neoproterozoic and Permian (Super)giant deposits formed in closed systems Overlying evaporites contain fluid flow (& add S) Superposed events common Target >2.2 meter thickness with >1% CuEq 22
23 SSC Potential in Brazil Amazonia Jequitai diamictite (~746ma) Older sequences? Sao Francisco No platform facies for Cu Pb-Zn deposits? 23
24 cm White Pine Timna Dzezkazgan Kupferschiefer Dzezkazgan Spremberg Troy Lake Troy Lake 1 in 24
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