Florida Phosphate Mine. Apatite Crystal from Pegmatite. Marine Phosphorites. Gary McMurtry. Photomicrograph of Ore. Seamount Phosphorite
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1 Florida Phosphate Mine Apatite Crystal from Pegmatite Marine Phosphorites Seamount Phosphorite Gary McMurtry Photomicrograph of Ore
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4 Why is Phosphorous So Important? Original Source: Igneous Apatite Ca 5 (PO 4 ) 3 (OH, F) The ATP Cycle
5 Use of P in Chemical Fertilizers Chemical and organic fertilizer application in China, (kg / hectare) Low-grade Ca-phosphate + Cheap sulphuric acid => Superphosphate (concentrate) P added to Ammonium sulfate and Potassium sulfate => Chemical Fertilizer N:P:K refers to mix or grade of biologically-available nitrogen, phosphorous, potassium (+ trace metals, Fe, Mn, Mg, Cu, Zn, etc.) EROEI (plant yield) for chemical versus organic fertilizers = 10:1
6 Global reserve estimates of phosphate rock (thousands of metric tons) Data source: USGS From: EcoSanRes (2005)
7 From: Phosphorus & Potassium, Issue No: 217 (September-October, 1998) Global phosphate consumption from
8 Distribution of Phosphate Sediments in North America Phosphoria Tennessee X Carolinas Florida From: S. E. Kesler, Our Finite Mineral Resources, McGraw-Hill,1976
9 US MMS (1983) Global Marine Phosphorite Distribution Shelf Cronan (1980) Seamount Insular (Nauru)
10 Peak Phosphorous: Island of Nauru Insular Phosphorite = Guano from Ancient Seabirds
11 Phosphate is Lucrative Nauru Towers, Honolulu Air Nauru Route Map
12 Appearance of Marine Phosphorites Phosphatized limestone, basalt-clast conglomerate, Hawaiian EEZ seamounts Phosphatic nodules, East Pacific (Burnett et al., 1987)
13 Do Recent Phosphorites Form on the Seafloor? --Peru-Chile Shelf Study-- W. C. Burnett, Ph. D. dissertation, Univ. Hawaii (1974)
14 Microscopic and SEM-EDX Evidence for Phosphatization of Sedimentary Carbonates W. C. Burnett (1974) P map (above)
15 SEM-EDX Evidence for Phosphatization of Sedimentary Carbonates--Inorganic? W. C. Burnett (1974)
16 234 U/ 238 U U-series Dating Evidence for Recent Phosphorite Formation on Peru-Chile Shelf Modern Seawater = / Open circles are corrected for common, initial 230 Th Burnett et al. (1987)
17 Depth Profile of PO 4 Saturation in North Pacific W. C. Burnett (1974)
18 Spatial Distribution of Dissolved Phosphate, Oxygen and Sediment Bottom Type, Peru-Chile Shelf-Slope Burnett et al. (1987)
19 Oxygen Minimum Zone Impingement upon Peru-Chile Margin W. C. Burnett (1974)
20 Generalized Reactions to Describe Phosphatization Release HPO 4 2- Decrease Mg 2+ Inhibitor W. C. Burnett (1974) Precipitate Apatite
21 The Global Distribution of Phosphorite is Not Uniform Over Time! W. C. Burnett (1974)
22 Sea Level Changes from Seismic Stratigraphy Vail et al. (1977)
23 Phosphorite U-series Ages (arrows) vs. Paleo-Temperature & Sea Level W. C. Burnett (1974)
24 Model for Origin of Seafloor Phosphatic Sediments & Nodules on the Continental Shelves Transgression Regression Fischer, A. G. & Arthur, M. A. SEPM Spec. Publ. 25 (1977)
25 Richard Sheldon s Model of Phosphogenesis at High Sea Levels followed by Glacial Events R. P. Sheldon, SEPM Spec. Publ. 29 (1980)
26 Trade Wind & Equatorial Upwelling Models to Explain Origins of Ancient & Modern Shelf Phosphorites Sheldon (1980)
27 Equatorial Upwelling Model to Explain Origins of Ancient Seamount Phosphorites Sheldon (1980)
28 Cretaceous Seamount Paleotracks & Paleodepths Lead to Shallow-water Equatorial Settings of Summits McMurtry et al., EPSL 125 (1994)
29 Peak Phosphorous: Island of Nauru Use of Hubbert Linearization (HL) to Estimate Ultimate Recoverable Reserves (URR) URR P = Annual Production (mass units) Q = Total Production to Date (Patrick Déry and Bart Anderson)
30 Peak Phosphorous: USA (Patrick Déry and Bart Anderson)
31 Peak Phosphorous: USA URR (Patrick Déry and Bart Anderson)
32 Phosphate Rock--Years of Extraction Left Based Upon Present Reserves and 2% Annual Increase Data source: USGS From: EcoSanRes (2005)
33 Peak Phosphorous: World* * Excluding offshore deposits. (Patrick Déry and Bart Anderson)
34 Peak Phosphorous: World* * Excluding offshore deposits. URR (Patrick Déry and Bart Anderson)
35 It is concluded that global phosphate resources extend, for all intents and purposes, well into the future, but that depletion of current economically exploitable reserves can be estimated at somewhere from 60 to 130 ye ars. From: Phosphorus & Potassium, Issue No: 217 (September-October, 1998)
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38 Hey, It s a Finite Planet!
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