REFERENCE: The Blue Planet An Introduction to Earth System Science. Brian J. Skinner and Barbara W. Murck (2011) Third Edition. John Wiley and Sons

Transcription

1 REFERENCE: The Blue Planet An Introduction to Earth System Science. Brian J. Skinner and Barbara W. Murck (2011) Third Edition. John Wiley and Sons Inc.

2 is substance It has mass and occupies space. The three most common states of matter are: Solid Liquid Gas

3 Materials in different states can exist together at the same time, in the same container.

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5 Plasma an ionized (electrically charged) gas with unique properties and characteristics. Colloids extremely fine particles dispersed in a continuous medium, usually a liquid. Aerosols microparticles suspended in a gas (such as air).

6 Microparticles suspended in a gas (such as air). Ex. Aerogel or Frozen smoke. Extremely fine particles dispersed in a continuous medium, usually a liquid. Ex. Mud.

7 Chemical elements are the most fundamental substances into which matter can be separated by ordinary chemical means. Schematic diagram of an atom of carbon-12. At the center is the nucleus, containing protons and neutrons. Protons have a positive electrical charge; neutrons have no charge. Six negatively charged electrons circle the nucleus in complex paths called orbitals, so the diagram is only schematic. Two electrons are in orbitals close to the nucleus; four are in more distant orbitals.

8 Compounds form when one or more kinds of anion combine chemically with one or more kinds of cation in a specific ratio.

9 They are compounds consisting of carbon atoms that are joined to other carbon atoms by a strong type of bond called covalent bond (involve the sharing of electrons among neighboring atoms). They also commonly contain hydrogen, thus forming C-H compounds (hydrocarbons). They are biotic (biologic origin). They tend to occur in long, chainlike structures called polymers.

10 Proteins Nucleic Acids Lipids Carbohydrates

11 They may contain carbon as a constituent. But, they do not have the C-C covalent bond. They are mostly abiotic (nonbiologic origin).

12 Layers of Different Composition The oceanic crust is composed mainly of basalt, rich in iron and magnesium. The continental crust is composed mainly of granite, rich in aluminum. Although they are both rich in oxygen and silicon, the rocks that compose the oceanic crust are of higher density than the rocks that compose the continental crust.

13 The effect of the chemical differentiation event on the distribution of chemical elements in the Earth can be seen by comparing the relative abundances of elements in the whole Earth and in the crust. Differentiation created a light crust depleted in iron and magnesium and enriched in oxygen, silicon, aluminum, calcium, and sodium.

14 Watch the YouTube video called Structure of the Earth

15 Naturally formed Inorganic Solid Specific chemical composition Characteristic crystal structure The packing arrangement of ions is repeated continuously through a crystal.

16 Silicates are the most abundant of all minerals.

17 A rock is any naturally formed, nonliving, firm, coherent aggregate mass of solid matter that constitutes part of a planet. Minerals are the most common building blocks of rocks. There are three large families of rock, each defined by the processes by which the rocks are formed.

18 It is formed by the cooling and consolidation of magma (molten rock).

19 It is formed either by chemical precipitation of material carried in solution in sea, lake, or river water, or by the deposition of minerals particles transported in suspension by water, wind, or ice.

20 It is either igneous or sedimentary rock that has been changed as a result of high temperature, high pressures, or both.

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22 It is the product of rock weathering (meteorización), which is the alteration by the action of water, wind, and other agents that may act to alter the composition of the minerals present or to break the rock apart. It is a layer of broken-up, disintegrated rock matter, which has two categories: Sediment unconsolidated (loose) rock and mineral particles. Soil contains organic matter mixed with the mineral component.

23 SAPROLITE is rock that has been weathered and broken up but is still in place. SOIL is a special type of sediment that has been altered chemically and biologically, such that it can support rooted plant life SEDIMENT is loose, unconsolidated particulate matter, regardless of its location or origin.

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31 Watch the YouTube video called What is Matter