Later Mississippian. Sun, seas, and reefs
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1 Later Mississippian Sun, seas, and reefs P. David Polly Department of Geological Sciences Indiana University Bloomington, Indiana USA Bahama Banks Space shuttle photo by Chris Fogarty (NOAA)
2 Objectives 1. Paleogeography and sea level changes in the later Mississippian; 2. Sanders and Blue River group rocks; 3. Geological map of Monroe and Brown counties; 4. Salem Limestone depositional environments and fossils; 5. Karst formation; 6. Karst, caves, and lost rivers in Indiana.
3 Global Sea Level through the Phanerozoic From Hallam and Vail Sea level rise through the Mississippian Followed by fall into the Pennsylvanian
4 Early Mississippian (345 mya) (c) Ron Blakey (
5 Late Mississippian (325 mya) (c) Ron Blakey (
6 Middle to Late Mississippian Rocks of Indiana
7 Details of rock units (Scaled by time)
8 Sanders and Blue River Groups Harrodsburg road cut, IN 37 Lithostrotion (photos by PD Polly)
9 The rocks and their depositional context Blue River Group Mostly carbonates, but significant gypsum, anhydrite, shale, chert, and calcareous sandstone. Series of transgressions and regressions Sanders Group Limestones that lie unconformably over the Borden Group Transgression of shallow sea over former delta Borden Group Siltstones, shales, fine sandstones and isolated carbonates from a large delta system. Progradation through delta buildup New Albany Shale Shales representing deeper water mud facies. Nearshore Marine
10 Bedrock Geology of Monroe and Brown Counties Monroe County Brown County Edwardsville Fm. (Borden River Delta) Limestones Sandstones, Shales, and Coals (Nearshore seas and Terrestrial Swamps) Salem Limestone and others (Shallow tropical seas) Youngest (320 mya) Pennsylvanian Oldest (360 mya) Earlier Mississippian
11 Salem Limestone Indiana Dimension Limestone Sanders Group Active quarry (Salem Limestone) near Bloomington. (Photo by John Day Copyright Indiana Geological Survey)
12 Paleogeographic context
13 Salem Limestone Depositional context: shallow shoals T.A. Thopmson (ed) Architectural elements and paleoecoogy of carbonate shoal and intershoal deposits in the Salem Limestone (Mississippian) in South-central Indiana. Indiana Geological Survey Guidebook 14.
14 Salem Limestone Environmental Analogue Sea level rise flooded Borden Delta to create shallow carbonate bank Bahama Banks
15 The Bahama Banks Shallow carbonate banks Bahama Banks Space shuttle photo by Chris Fogarty (NOAA)
16 Salem Limestone Fossils Upper shoreface facies T.A. Thopmson (ed) Architectural elements and paleoecoogy of carbonate shoal and intershoal deposits in the Salem Limestone (Mississippian) in South-central Indiana. Indiana Geological Survey Guidebook 14.
17 Salem Limestone Fossils Intershoal facies T.A. Thopmson (ed) Architectural elements and paleoecoogy of carbonate shoal and intershoal deposits in the Salem Limestone (Mississippian) in South-central Indiana. Indiana Geological Survey Guidebook 14.
18 Fossils weathering from Salem Limestone Ellettsville, Indiana (photo by PD Polly)
19 Karst Landscape formed by dissolution of limestone. Flat topography with sinkholes and caves. Acidic rainwater and CO2 from soil lead to dissolution along fractures.
20 Formation of Karst Regional stream and water table baselevel Indiana Geological Survey
21 Karst in the continental US
22 Department of Geological Sciences Indiana University Mammoth Cave NP, Kentucky St. Louis and Ste. Genevieve Limestones
23
24
25 Physiographic regions
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